J. Besse and V. Courtillot, Apparent and true polar wander and the geometry of the geomagnetic field over the last 200 Myr, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.106, issue.B11, pp.230010-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JB000050

E. M. Bordy and O. Catuneanu, Sedimentology and palaeontology of upper Karoo aeolian strata (Early Jurassic) in the Tuli Basin, South Africa, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.35, issue.2, pp.301-31410, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00103-3

S. E. Bryan, I. U. Peate, D. W. Peate, S. Self, D. A. Jerram et al., The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.102, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001

C. Cassignol and P. Y. Gillot, Range and effectiveness of unspiked potassium?argon dating: Experimental groundwork and applications, Numerical Dating in Stratigraphy, pp.159-179, 1982.

F. Cecca and F. Macchioni, The two Early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction events in ammonoids, Lethaia, vol.9, issue.1, pp.35-56, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.286.5440.760

J. E. Channell and B. Lehman, The last two geomagnetic polarity reversals recorded in high?deposition?rate sediment drifts, Nature, vol.39570, issue.6652, pp.389-712, 1038.

A. L. Chenet, F. Fluteau, V. Courtillot, M. Gérard, and K. V. Subbarao, Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: Results from a 1200-m-thick section in the Mahabaleshwar escarpment, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.156, issue.3???4, p.410110, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JB004635

A. L. Chenet, V. Courtillot, F. Fluteau, M. Gérard, X. Quidelleur et al., Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: 2. Constraints from analysis of eight new sections and synthesis for a 3500-m-thick composite section, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.100, issue.D1, p.610310, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2008JB005644

L. Chevallier and A. Woodford, Morpho?tectonics and mechanism of emplacement of the dolerite rings and sills of the western Karoo, South Africa, S. Afr. J. Geol, vol.102, issue.1, pp.43-54, 1999.

B. M. Clement, Dependence of the duration of geomagnetic polarity reversals on site latitude, Nature, vol.428, issue.6983, pp.428-637, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02459

R. S. Coe and M. Prévot, Evidence suggesting extremely rapid field variation during a geomagnetic reversal, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.92, issue.3-4, pp.292-29810, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90053-8

R. S. Coe, M. Prévot, and P. Camps, New evidence for extraordinarily rapid variation of the geomagnetic field during a reversal, Nature, issue.6524, pp.374-687, 1995.

J. P. Cogné, PaleoMac: A Macintosh??? application for treating paleomagnetic data and making plate reconstructions, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.96, issue.B11, pp.10-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JB000050

A. S. Cohen, A. L. Coe, S. M. Harding, and L. Schwark, Osmium isotope evidence for the regulation of atmospheric CO2 by continental weathering, Geology, vol.32, issue.2, pp.157-160, 2004.
DOI : 10.1130/G20158.1

V. Courtillot, Mass extinctions in the last 300 million years: One impact and seven flood basalts, Isr. J. Earth Sci, vol.43, pp.255-266, 1994.

V. E. Courtillot and P. R. Renne, On the ages of flood basalt events, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol.335, issue.1, pp.113-14010, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00006-3

V. Courtillot, V. A. Kravchinsky, X. Quidelleur, P. R. Renne, and D. P. Gladkochub, Preliminary dating of the Viluy traps (Eastern Siberia): Eruption at the time of Late Devonian extinction events?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.300, issue.3-4, pp.239-245, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.045

K. G. Cox, The Karoo Province, Continental Flood Basalts, pp.239-271, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-7805-9_7

A. Dazé, J. K. Lee, and M. Villeneuve, An intercalibration study of the Fish Canyon sanidine and biotite 40Ar/39Ar standards and some comments on the age of the Fish Canyon Tuff, Chemical Geology, vol.199, issue.1-2, pp.111-12710, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00079-2

A. R. Duncan, R. A. Armstong, A. J. Erlank, J. S. Marsh, and R. T. Watkins, MORB?related dolerites associated with the final phases of Karoo flood basalt volcanism in southern Africa, Mafic Dykes and Emplacement Mechanisms, pp.119-129, 1990.

R. A. Duncan, R. P. Hooper, J. Rehacek, J. S. Marsh, and A. R. Duncan, The timing and duration of the Karoo igneous event, southern Gondwana, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.94, issue.17, pp.127-1810, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JB00972

H. V. Eales, J. S. Marsh, and K. G. Cox, The Karoo Igneous Province: An introduction, Petrogenesis of the Volcanic Rocks of the Karoo Province, pp.1-26, 1984.

D. H. Elliot and T. H. Fleming, Weddell triple junction: The principal focus of Ferrar and Karoo magmatism during initial breakup of Gondwana, 28<539:WTJTPF>2.0.CO, pp.539-54210, 2000.

J. Encarnacion, T. H. Fleming, D. H. Elliot, and H. V. Eales, Synchronous emplacement of Ferrar and Karoo dolerites and the early breakup of Gondwana, 024<0535:SEOFAK>2.3.CO, pp.535-53810, 1996.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0535:SEOFAK>2.3.CO;2

N. Fiet, X. Quidelleur, O. Parize, L. G. Bulot, and P. Y. Gillot, Lower Cretaceous stage durations combining radiometric data and orbital chronology: Towards a more stable relative time scale?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.246, issue.3-4, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.014

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00377845

R. A. Fisher, Dispersion on a Sphere, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.217, issue.1130, pp.295-305, 1953.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1953.0064

Y. Gallet, A. Genevey, and M. L. Goff, Three millennia of directional variation of the Earth???s magnetic field in western Europe as revealed by archeological artefacts, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol.131, issue.1, pp.81-8910, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00030-4

Y. Gallet, A. Genevey, and V. Courtillot, On the possible occurrence of ???archaeomagnetic jerks??? in the geomagnetic field over the past three millennia, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.214, issue.1-2, pp.237-242, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00362-5

C. Ganino and N. T. Arndt, Climate changes caused by degassing of sediments during the emplacement of large igneous provinces, Geology, vol.37, issue.4, pp.323-326, 2009.
DOI : 10.1130/G25325A.1

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00542371

P. Y. Gillot and Y. Cornette, The Cassignol technique for potassium???Argon dating, precision and accuracy: Examples from the Late Pleistocene to Recent volcanics from southern Italy, Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section, vol.59, pp.205-222, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9622(86)90072-2

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith, A Geologic Time Scale, 2004.

K. W. Graham and A. L. Hales, Palaeomagnetic measurements on Karroo dolerites, Palaeomagnetic measurements on Karroo dolerites, pp.149-161, 1957.
DOI : 10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[591:KDOTUO]2.0.CO;2

D. Green, The Karroo System in Bechuanaland, Geol. Surv. of Bechuanaland, issue.2, 1966.

M. N. Guilbaud, S. Self, T. Thordarson, and S. Blake, Morphology, surface structures, and emplacement of lavas produced by, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am, vol.396, pp.1783-1784, 2005.

C. Harris, J. S. Marsh, A. R. Duncan, and A. J. Erlank, The Petrogenesis of the Kirwan Basalts of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, Journal of Petrology, vol.31, issue.2, pp.341-369, 1990.
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/31.2.341

J. M. Hergt, B. W. Chappell, M. T. Mcculloch, I. Mcdougall, and A. R. Chivas, Geochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Origin of the Jurassic Dolerites of Tasmania, Geochemical and isotopic constraints on the origin of the Jurassic dolerites of Tasmania, pp.841-883, 1989.
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/30.4.841

J. M. Hergt, D. W. Peate, and C. J. Hawkesworth, The petrogenesis of Mesozoic Gondwana low-Ti flood basalts, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.105, issue.1-3, pp.134-14810, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90126-3

M. Hermoso, F. Minoletti, L. Le-callonnec, H. C. Jenkyns, S. P. Hesselbo et al., Global and local forcing of Early Toarcian seawater chemistry: A comparative study of different paleoceanographic settings (Paris and Lusitanian basins), Paleoceanography, vol.60, issue.5, p.10, 1029.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00209-8

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00694401

E. Herrero?bervera and J. P. Valet, Paleosecular variation during sequential geomagnetic reversals from Hawaii, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.171, issue.1, pp.139-14810, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00145-4

S. P. Hesselbo, D. R. Gröcke, H. C. Jenkyns, C. J. Bjerrum, P. Farrimond et al., Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event, Nature, vol.104, issue.6794, pp.406-392, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/35019044

C. Hofmann, G. Féraud, and V. Courtillot, 40Ar/39Ar dating of mineral separates and whole rocks from the Western Ghats lava pile: further constraints on duration and age of the Deccan traps, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.180, issue.1-2, pp.13-2710, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00159-X

F. Holzforster, Lithology and depositional environments of the Lower Jurassic Clarens Formation in the eastern Cape, South Africa, South African Journal of Geology, vol.110, issue.4, pp.543-560, 2007.
DOI : 10.2113/gssajg.110.4.543

G. Hulot and J. L. , A statistical approach to the Earth's main magnetic field, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol.82, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-9201(94)90070-1

A. V. Ivanov, S. V. Rasskazov, G. D. Feoktistov, H. He, and A. Boven, 40Ar/39Ar dating of Usol'skii sill in the south-eastern Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province: evidence for long-lived magmatism, Terra Nova, vol.41, issue.3, pp.203-208, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90188-X

N. A. Jarboe, R. S. Coe, P. R. Renne, J. M. Glen, and E. A. Mankinen, Quickly erupted volcanic sections of the Steens Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group: Secular variation, tectonic rotation, and the Steens Mountain reversal, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.100, issue.4863, p.1101010, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2008GC002067

H. C. Jenkyns, The early Toarcian (Jurassic) anoxic event; stratigraphic, sedimentary and geochemical evidence, American Journal of Science, vol.288, issue.2, pp.101-151, 1988.
DOI : 10.2475/ajs.288.2.101

D. A. Jerram and M. Widdowson, The anatomy of Continental Flood Basalt Provinces: geological constraints on the processes and products of flood volcanism, Lithos, vol.79, issue.3-4, pp.79-82, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.009

M. R. Johnson, C. J. Vanvuuren, W. F. Hegenberger, R. Key, and U. Shoko, Stratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup in southern Africa: an overview, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.23, issue.1, pp.3-1510, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0899-5362(96)00048-6

M. R. Johnson, C. J. Vuuren, J. N. Visser, D. I. Cole, H. D. Wickens et al., The Foreland Karoo Basin, African Basins: Sedimentary Basins of the World, pp.269-317, 1997.

D. L. Jones, R. A. Duncan, J. C. Briden, D. E. Randall, and C. Macniocaill, Age of the Batoka basalts, northern Zimbabwe, and the duration of Karoo Large Igneous Province magmatism, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.163, issue.2, p.102210, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2000GC000110

F. Jourdan, G. Féraud, H. Bertrand, A. B. Kampunzu, G. Tshoso et al., The Karoo triple junction questioned: Evidence from 40 Ar, Earth Planet, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407325

F. Jourdan, G. Féraud, H. Bertrand, A. B. Kampunzu, G. Tshoso et al., The Karoo large igneous province: Brevity, origin, and relation with mass extinction questioned by new 40, 2005.

F. Jourdan, G. Féraud, H. Bertrand, M. K. Watkeys, A. B. Kampunzu et al., Basement control on dyke distribution in Large Igneous Provinces: Case study of the Karoo triple junction, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.241, issue.1-2, pp.307-322, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.10.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00095788

F. Jourdan, G. Féraud, H. Bertrand, and M. K. Watkeys, From flood basalts to the inception of oceanization: Example from the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar high?resolution picture of the Karoo large igneous province, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst, vol.8, pp.200210-1029, 2007.

F. Jourdan, G. Féraud, H. Bertrand, M. K. Watkeys, and P. R. Renne, Distinct brief major events in the Karoo large igneous province clarified by new 40Ar/39Ar ages on the Lesotho basalts, Lithos, vol.98, issue.1-4, pp.195-209, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lithos.2007.03.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407741

F. Jourdan, G. Féraud, H. Bertrand, M. K. Watkeys, and P. R. Renne, The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of the sill complex of the Karoo large igneous province: Implications for the Pliensbachian?Toarcian climate change, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst, p.10, 1029.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00341781

J. L. Kirschvink, The least-squares line and plane and the analysis of palaeomagnetic data, Geophysical Journal International, vol.62, issue.3, pp.699-718, 1980.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1980.tb02601.x

K. B. Knight, S. Nomade, P. R. Renne, A. Marzoli, H. Bertrand et al., The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province at the Triassic???Jurassic boundary: paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar evidence from Morocco for brief, episodic volcanism, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.228, issue.1-2, pp.143-160, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.022

F. Knoll, The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Elliot and Clarens formations in the main Karoo Basin (South Africa and Lesotho), Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, vol.176, issue.1, pp.81-91, 2005.
DOI : 10.2113/176.1.81

A. A. Kosterov and M. Perrin, Paleomagnetism of the Lesotho basalt, southern Africa, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.139, issue.1-2, pp.63-7810, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00005-2

V. A. Kravchinsky, K. M. Konstantinov, V. Courtillot, J. I. Savrasov, J. P. Valet et al., Palaeomagnetism of East Siberian traps and kimberlites: two new poles and palaeogeographic reconstructions at about 360 and 250 Ma, Geophysical Journal International, vol.148, issue.1, pp.1-33, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01548.x

K. F. Kuiper, F. J. Hilgen, J. Steenbrink, and J. R. Wijbrans, 40Ar/39Ar ages of tephras intercalated in astronomically tuned Neogene sedimentary sequences in the eastern Mediterranean, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.222, issue.2, pp.583-597, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.005

K. F. Kuiper, A. Deino, F. J. Hilgen, W. Krijgsman, P. R. Renne et al., Synchronizing Rock Clocks of Earth History, Science, vol.592, issue.1-2, pp.500-504, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00253-4

P. R. Kyle, D. H. Elliot, and J. F. Sutter, Jurassic Ferrar Supergroup tholeiites from the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, and their relationship to the initial fragmentation of Gondwana, Gondwana Five: Proceedings of the Fifth International Gondwana Symposium, pp.283-287, 1981.

M. A. Lanphere and H. Baadsgaard, Precise K???Ar, 40Ar/39Ar, Rb???Sr and U/Pb mineral ages from the 27.5 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff reference standard, Precise K?Ar, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, pp.653-67110, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00291-6

L. Gall, B. , G. Tshoso, F. Jourdan, G. Féraud et al., 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and structural data from the giant Okavango and related mafic dyke swarms, Karoo igneous province, northern Botswana, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.202, issue.3-4, pp.595-60610, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00763-X

C. T. Little, The Pliensbachian?Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) extinction event, in The Cretaceous?Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am, vol.307, pp.505-512, 1996.

C. T. Little and M. J. Benton, Early Jurassic mass extinction: A global long-term event, 023<0495:EJMEAG>2.3.CO, pp.495-4980091, 1130.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0495:EJMEAG>2.3.CO;2

E. A. Mankinen, M. Prévot, C. S. Grommé, and R. S. Coe, The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 1. Directional history, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.11, issue.B12, pp.393-1041610, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/JB090iB12p10393

J. S. Marsh and H. V. Eales, The chemistry and petrogenesis of igneous rocks of the Karoo central area, southern Africa, Petrogenesis of the Volcanic Rocks of the Karoo Province, pp.27-68, 1984.

J. S. Marsh, P. R. Hooper, J. Rehacek, A. R. Duncan, and R. A. Duncan, Stratigraphy and Age of Karoo Basalts of Lesotho and Implications for Correlations Within the Karoo Igneous Province, Large Igneous Provinces, pp.247-272, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/GM100p0247

J. S. Marsh, R. S. Swart, and D. Phillips, Implications of a new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age for a basalt flow interbedded with the Etjo Formation, Northeast Namibia, S. Afr, J. Geol, vol.106, issue.4, pp.281-286, 2003.

M. Mcclintock, J. S. Marsh, and J. D. White, Compositionally diverse magmas erupted close together in space and time within a Karoo flood basalt crater complex, Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.108, issue.8, pp.923-94610, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00445-007-0178-6

M. W. Mcelhinny and R. T. Merrill, Geomagnetic secular variation over the past 5 m.y., Reviews of Geophysics, vol.47, issue.1, pp.687-70810, 1975.
DOI : 10.1029/RG013i005p00687

J. Mcelwain, J. Wade?murphy, and S. P. Hesselbo, Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals, Nature, vol.302, issue.7041, pp.435-479, 1038.
DOI : 10.1029/1998GL900275

P. L. Mcfadden and F. J. Lowes, The discrimination of mean directions drawn from Fisher distributions, Geophysical Journal International, vol.67, issue.1, pp.19-33, 1981.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1981.tb02729.x

P. L. Mcfadden and M. W. Mcelhinny, The combined analysis of remagnetization circles and direct observations in palaeomagnetism, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.87, issue.1-2, pp.161-17210, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(88)90072-6

P. L. Mcfadden and M. W. Mcelhinny, Classification of the reversal test in palaeomagnetism, Geophysical Journal International, vol.103, issue.3, pp.725-729, 1990.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb05683.x

P. L. Mcfadden, R. T. Merrill, M. W. Mcelhinny, and S. Lee, Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field and temporal variations of the dynamo families, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.49, issue.B3, pp.3923-3933, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/90JB02275

R. T. Merrill and P. L. Mcfadden, Geomagnetic polarity transitions, Geomagnetic polarity transitions, pp.201-22610, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1998RG900004

A. A. Mitchell, V. R. Ramluckan, J. N. Dunlevey, and B. M. Eglington, The basalt stratigraphy of the Sani Pass, Kwazulu/Natal Drakensberg , S. Afr. J. Geol, vol.99, issue.3, pp.251-262, 1996.

C. Mitchell, R. M. Ellam, and K. G. Cox, Mesozoic dolerite dykes of the Falkland Islands: petrology, petrogenesis and implications for geochemical provinciality in Gondwanaland low-Ti basaltic rocks, Journal of the Geological Society, vol.156, issue.5, pp.901-916, 1999.
DOI : 10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0901

N. Mortimer, D. Parkinson, J. I. Raine, C. J. Adams, I. J. Graham et al., Ferrar magmatic province rocks discovered in New Zealand: Implications for Mesozoic Gondwana geology, 023<0185: FMPRDI>2.3.CO, pp.185-188, 1995.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0185:FMPRDI>2.3.CO;2

G. S. Odin, Interlaboratory standards for dating purposes, Numerical Dating in Stratigraphy, pp.123-150, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/1359-0189(90)90126-i

J. G. Ogg and A. G. Smith, The geomagnetic polarity time scale, in A Geologic Time Scale, pp.63-86, 2004.

J. G. Ogg, G. Ogg, and F. M. Gradstein, The Concise Geologic Time Scale, 77 pp, 2008.

J. Pálfy and P. L. Smith, Synchrony between Early Jurassic extinction, oceanic anoxic event, and the Karoo?Ferrar flood basalt volcanism, 28<747: SBEJEO>2.0.CO, pp.28-747, 1130.

V. Pavlov, F. Fluteau, R. Veselovsky, and A. Fetisova, Geomagnetic secular variations and volcanic pulses in the Siberian traps, Geophys. Res. Abstr, vol.12, 2010.

M. Prévot, N. Roberts, J. Thompson, L. Faynot, M. Perrin et al., Revisiting the Jurassic geomagnetic reversal recorded in the Lesotho Basalt (southern Africa), Geophys, J. Int, vol.155, pp.367-378, 2003.

X. Quidelleur, P. Y. Gillot, V. Soler, and J. C. Lefevre, K/Ar dating extended into the last millennium: Application to the youngest effusive episode of the Teide Volcano (Spain), Geophysical Research Letters, vol.100, issue.1, pp.3067-307010, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000GL012821

M. R. Rampino and R. B. Stothers, Flood Basalt Volcanism During the Past 250 Million Years, Science, vol.241, issue.4866, pp.241-663, 1988.
DOI : 10.1126/science.241.4866.663

J. Rehacek, Chemical and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of basalts in Northern Lesotho, Karoo Province, 1995.

P. R. Renne, A. L. Deino, R. C. Walter, B. D. Turrin, C. C. Swisher et al., Intercalibration of astronomical and radioisotopic time, 022<0783:IOAART>2.3.CO, pp.783-7860091, 1994.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0783:IOAART>2.3.CO;2

P. R. Renne, R. Mundil, G. Balco, K. Min, and K. R. Ludwig, Joint determination of 40K decay constants and 40Ar???/40K for the Fish Canyon sanidine standard, and improved accuracy for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.74, issue.18, pp.5349-5367, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2010.06.017

P. Riisager, J. Riisager, N. Abrahamsen, and R. Waagstein, New paleomagnetic pole and magnetostratigraphy of Faroe Islands flood volcanics, North Atlantic igneous province, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.201, issue.2, pp.261-276, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00720-3

J. Riisager, P. Riisager, and A. K. Pedersen, Paleomagnetism of large igneous provinces: case-study from West Greenland, North Atlantic igneous province, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.214, issue.3-4, pp.409-425, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00367-4

T. R. Riley and K. B. Knight, Age of Pre-Break-Up Gondwana Magmatism, Antarctic Science, vol.13, issue.02, pp.99-11010, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/S0954102001000177

T. R. Riley, I. L. Millar, M. K. Watkeys, M. L. Curtis, P. T. Leat et al., U-Pb zircon (SHRIMP) ages for the Lebombo rhyolites, South Africa: refining the duration of Karoo volcanism, Journal of the Geological Society, vol.161, issue.4, pp.547-550100016, 1144.
DOI : 10.1144/0016-764903-181

T. R. Riley, P. T. Leat, M. L. Curtis, I. L. Millar, R. A. Duncan et al., Early-Middle Jurassic Dolerite Dykes from Western Dronning Maud Land (Antarctica): Identifying Mantle Sources in the Karoo Large Igneous Province, Early Middle Jurassic dolerite dykes from Western Dronning Maud Land (Antarctica): Identifying mantle sources in the Karoo Large Igneous Province, pp.1489-1524, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egi023

T. R. Riley, M. L. Curtis, P. T. Leat, M. K. Watkeys, A. R. Duncan et al., Overlap of Karoo and Ferrar Magma Types in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Journal of Petrology, vol.47, issue.3, pp.541-566, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egi085

E. Rodriguez, C. S. Morris, J. Belz, E. Chapin, J. Martin et al., An assessment of the SRTM topographic products, Tech. Rep. JPL D?31639, 143 pp., Jet Propul. Lab, 2005.

S. Self, T. Thordarson, and L. P. Keszthelyi, Emplacement of continental flood basalt lava flows, in Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Flood Volcanism, Geophys. Monogr. Ser, vol.100, pp.381-410, 1997.

S. Self, M. Widdowson, T. Thordarson, and A. E. Jay, Volatile fluxes during flood basalt eruptions and potential effects on the global environment: A Deccan perspective, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.248, issue.1-2, pp.518-532, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.041

R. M. Smith, A review of stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Karoo Basin of South Africa, Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), vol.10, issue.1-2, pp.117-13710, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0899-5362(90)90050-O

R. M. Smith, Vertebrate Taphonomy of Late Permian Floodplain Deposits in the Southwestern Karoo Basin of South Africa, PALAIOS, vol.8, issue.1, pp.45-6710, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/3515221

R. M. Smith, B. P. Turner, P. J. Hancox, B. R. Rubidge, and O. Catuneanu, Trans?Karoo II: 100 million years of changing terrestrial environments in the main Karoo basin, Guidebook Gondwana: 10th International Conference, 1998.

T. L. Spell and I. Mcdougall, Characterization and calibration of 40Ar/39Ar dating standards, Chemical Geology, vol.198, issue.3-4, pp.189-21110, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00005-6

URL : http://hdl.handle.net/1885/87910

R. H. Steiger and E. Jäger, Subcommission on geochronology: Convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.36, issue.3, pp.359-36210, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(77)90060-7

B. C. Storey, P. T. Leat, and J. K. Ferris, The location of mantle? plume centers during the initial stages of Gondwana breakup, in Mantle Plumes: Their Identification Through Time, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am, vol.352, pp.71-80, 2001.

G. Suan, E. Mattioli, B. Pittet, S. Mailliot, and C. Lécuyer, Evidence for major environmental perturbation prior to and during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event from the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal, Paleoceanography, vol.54, issue.1-4, pp.10-1029, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2007PA001459

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00336296

M. Duarte, L. Philippe, F. Reggiani, and . Martineau, Secular environmental precursors to Early Toarcian (Jurassic) extreme climate changes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.290, pp.448-458, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01097673

H. Svensen, S. Planke, A. Malthe?sörenssen, B. Jamtveit, R. Myklebust et al., Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming, Nature, vol.158, issue.6991, pp.429-542, 1038.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00037-4

H. Svensen, S. Planke, L. Chevallier, A. Malthe?sörenssen, F. Corfu et al., Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.256, issue.3-4, pp.554-566, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.013

D. S. Thiede and P. M. Vasconcelos, Parana flood basalts: Rapid extrusion hypothesis confirmed by new Ar?40/Ar?39 results, Geology, issue.8, pp.38-747, 2010.
DOI : 10.1130/g30919.1

R. N. Thompson, S. A. Gibson, A. P. Dickin, and P. M. Smith, Early Cretaceous Basalt and Picrite Dykes of the Southern Etendeka Region, NW Namibia: Windows into the Role of the Tristan Mantle Plume in Paran?????Etendeka Magmatism, Journal of Petrology, vol.42, issue.11, pp.2049-2081, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/42.11.2049

T. Thordarson and S. Self, The Roza Member, Columbia River Basalt Group: A gigantic pahoehoe lava flow field formed by endogenous processes?, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.84, issue.B11, pp.411-2710, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JB01355

G. Turner, J. C. Huneke, F. A. Podosek, and G. J. Wasserburg, 40Ar-39Ar ages and cosmic ray exposure ages of Apollo 14 samples, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.12, issue.1, pp.19-3510, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(71)90051-3

J. P. Valet, C. Laj, and P. Tucholka, High-resolution sedimentary record of a geomagnetic reversal, Nature, vol.84, issue.6074, pp.322-349, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/322027a0

J. P. Valet, G. Plenier, and E. Herrero?bervera, Geomagnetic excursions reflect an aborted polarity state, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.274, issue.3-4, pp.472-478, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.056

D. Vandamme, A new method to determine paleosecular variation, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol.85, issue.1-2, pp.131-14210, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-9201(94)90012-4

D. Vandamme, V. Courtillot, J. Besse, and R. Montigny, Paleomagnetism and age determinations of the Deccan Traps (India): Results of a Nagpur-Bombay Traverse and review of earlier work, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.28, issue.3, pp.159-19010, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/91RG00218

J. S. Van-zijl, K. W. Graham, and A. L. Hales, The Palaeomagnetism of the Stormberg Lavas of South Africa I: Evidence for a Genuine Reversal of the Earth's Field in Triassic-Jurassic Times, Geophysical Journal International, vol.7, issue.1, pp.23-39, 1962.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1962.tb02250.x

J. S. Van-zijl, K. W. Graham, and A. L. Hales, The Palaeomagnetism of the Stormberg Lavas, II. The Behaviour of the Magnetic Field During a Reversal, Geophysical Journal International, vol.7, issue.2, pp.169-182, 1962.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1962.tb00366.x

P. B. Wignall, Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions, Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions, pp.1-3310, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00037-4

P. B. Wignall and D. P. Bond, The end-Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinction records in the British Isles, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, vol.119, issue.1, pp.73-84, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80259-3

P. B. Wignall, Volcanism, Mass Extinction, and Carbon Isotope Fluctuations in the Middle Permian of China, Science, vol.114, issue.1, pp.324-1179, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/498103

J. D. Zijderveld, A. C. Demagnetization of Rocks: Analysis of Results, Methods in Paleomagnetism, pp.254-286, 1967.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-1-4832-2894-5.50049-5