P. Romanov and D. Tarpley, Automated monitoring of snow cover over South America using GOES Imager data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.24, issue.5, pp.1119-1125, 1993.
DOI : 10.1080/0143116021000044823

J. Kay, A. Gillespie, G. Hansen, and E. Pettit, Spatial relationships between snow contaminant content, grain size, and surface temperature from multispectral images of Mt. Rainier, Washington (USA), Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.86, issue.2, pp.216-231, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00102-0

F. Aires, A. Chédin, N. Scott, and W. Rossow, A Regularized Neural Net Approach for Retrieval of Atmospheric and Surface Temperatures with the IASI Instrument, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.41, issue.2, pp.144-159, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0144:ARNNAF>2.0.CO;2

F. Aires, W. Rossow, A. Chédin, and N. Scott, Remote sensing from the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer instrument 2. Simultaneous retrieval of temperature, water vapor, and ozone atmospheric profiles, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.121, issue.112, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001591

C. Prigent, F. Aires, and W. Rossow, Land surface skin temperatures from a combined analysis of microwave and infrared satellite observations for an all-weather evaluation of the differences between air and skin temperatures, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.104, issue.11, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002301

G. Hong, G. Heygster, and K. Kunzi, Intercomparison of Deep Convective Cloud Fractions From Passive Infrared and Microwave Radiance Measurements, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol.2, issue.1, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/LGRS.2004.838405

M. Sunlner, K. Michael, C. Bradshaw, and M. Hindell, Remote sensing of Southern Ocean sea surface temperature: implications for marine biophysical models, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.84, issue.2, pp.161-173, 2003.

R. Gould and R. Arnone, Temporal and spatial variability of satellite sea surface temperature and ocean colour in the Japan/East Sea, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.39, issue.7-8, pp.7-81377, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007846114165

J. Simpson, L. Yueh, A. Schmidt, and A. Harris, Analysis of along track scanning radiometer-2 (ATSR-2) data for clouds, glint and sea surface temperature using neural networks, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.98, issue.2-3, pp.152-181161, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.022

D. Quattrochi and J. Luvall, Thermal remote sensing in land surface processes, 2003.

C. Justice, L. Giglio, S. Korontzi, J. Owens, J. Morisette et al., The MODIS fire products, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.83, issue.1-2, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00076-7

F. Petitcolin and E. Vermote, Land surface reflectance, emissivity and temperature from MODIS middle and thermal infrared data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.83, issue.1-2, pp.112-134, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00094-9

E. Kasischke, J. Hewson, B. Stocks, G. Van-der-werf, and J. Randerson, The use of ATSR active fire counts for estimating relative patterns of biomass burning - a study from the boreal forest region, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.45, issue.18, p.196910, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2003GL017859

L. Manso-delgado, R. Aguirre-gomez, and R. Alvarez, Multitemporal analysis of land surface temperature using NOAA-AVHRR: preliminary relationships between climatic anomalies and forest fires, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.53, issue.20, pp.4417-4423, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/01431160412331269643

C. Lo, D. Quattrochi, and J. Luvall, Application of high-resolution thermal infrared remote sensing and GIS to assess the urban heat island effect, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.18, issue.2, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/014311697219079

J. Lagouarde, P. Moreau, M. Irvine, J. Bonnefond, J. Voogt et al., Airborne experimental measurements of the angular variations in surface temperature over urban areas: case study of Marseille (France), Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.93, issue.4, pp.443-462, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2003.12.011

P. Mestayer, P. Durand, A. P. Basting, S. Bonnefond, J. Benech et al., The urban boundary-layer field campaign in Marseille (UBL/CLU-escompte): set-up and first results. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, pp.315-365, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00111637

A. Olioso, O. Taconet, B. Mehrez, and M. , Estimation of heat and mass fluxes from IR brightness temperature, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.34, issue.5, pp.1184-1190, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/36.536535

J. Norman, W. Kustas, J. Prueger, and G. Diak, Surface flux estimation using radiometric temperature: A dual-temperature-difference method to minimize measurement errors, Water Resources Research, vol.58, issue.D17, pp.2263-2274, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/2000WR900033

A. Chehbouni, Y. Nouvellon, J. Lhomme, C. Watts, G. Boulet et al., Estimation of surface sensible heat flux using dual angle observations of radiative surface temperature, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.108, issue.1, pp.55-65, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00221-0

T. Wassenaar, A. Olioso, C. Hasager, F. Jacob, and A. Chehbouni, Estimation of evapotran-spiration over heterogeneous pixels, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Recent Advances in Quantitative Remote Sensing, pp.458-465, 2002.

Z. Su, The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.6, issue.1, pp.85-99, 2002.
DOI : 10.5194/hess-6-85-2002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00304651

F. Jacob, A. Olioso, X. Gu, Z. Su, and B. Seguin, Mapping surface fluxes using airborne visible, near infrared, thermal infrared remote sensing data and a spatialized surface energy balance model, Agronomie, vol.22, issue.6, pp.669-680, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2002053

A. French, F. Jacob, M. Anderson, W. Kustas, W. Timmermans et al., Surface energy fluxes with the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) at the Iowa 2002 SMACEX site (USA) Remote Sens, pp.55-65, 2005.

D. Courault, P. Lacarrère, P. Clastre, P. Lecharpentier, F. Jacob et al., Estimation of surface fluxes in a small agricultural F. Jacob et al. area using the three-dimensional atmospheric model Meso-NH and remote sensing data. Can, J. Remote Sens, vol.29, pp.741-754, 2003.

A. Olioso, T. Carlson, and N. Brisson, Simulation of diurnal transpiration and photosynthesis of a water stressed soybean crop, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.81, issue.1-2, pp.41-59, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02297-X

M. Moran, A. Vidal, D. Troufleau, J. Qi, T. Clarke et al., Combining multifrequency microwave and optical data for crop management, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.61, issue.1, pp.96-109, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00243-X

M. Moran, Y. Inoue, and E. Barnes, Opportunities and limitations for image-based remote sensing in precision crop management, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.61, issue.3, pp.319-346, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00045-X

P. Cayrol, L. Kergoat, S. Moulin, G. Dedieu, and A. Chehbouni, Calibrating a Coupled SVAT???Vegetation Growth Model with Remotely Sensed Reflectance and Surface Temperature???A Case Study for the HAPEX-Sahel Grassland Sites, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.39, issue.12, pp.2452-2472, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<2452:CACSVG>2.0.CO;2

W. Bastiaanssen, D. Molden, and I. Makin, Remote sensing for irrigated agriculture: examples from research and possible applications, Agricultural Water Management, vol.46, issue.2, pp.137-155, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00080-9

P. Droogers and W. Bastiaanssen, Irrigation Performance using Hydrological and Remote Sensing Modeling, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, vol.128, issue.1, pp.11-18, 2002.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2002)128:1(11)

R. Hale and C. Duchon, Use of AVHRR-derived surface temperatures in evaluating a land???atmosphere model, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.103, issue.22, pp.244527-4541, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<1549:TBESAO>2.0.CO;2

A. Jacobs, R. Ronda, and A. Holtslag, Water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes over bog vegetation, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.116, issue.1-2, pp.103-112, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00229-0

J. Schuurmans, P. Troch, A. Veldhuizen, W. Bastiaanssen, and M. Bierkens, Assimilation of remotely sensed latent heat flux in a distributed hydrological model, Advances in Water Resources, vol.26, issue.2, pp.151-159, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00089-1

R. Nijbroek, G. Hoogenboom, and J. Jones, Optimizing irrigation management for a spatially variable soybean field, Agricultural Systems, vol.76, issue.1, pp.359-377, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0308-521X(02)00127-0

R. Panda, S. Behera, and P. Kashyap, Effective management of irrigation water for wheat under stress conditions. Agric. Water Manag, pp.6337-56, 2003.

W. Bastiaanssen and L. Chandrapala, Water balance variability across Sri Lanka for assessing agricultural and environmental water use, Agricultural Water Management, vol.58, issue.2, pp.171-192, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00128-2

J. Demarty, C. Ottlé, I. Braud, A. Olioso, J. Frangi et al., Constraining a physically based Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer model with surface water content and thermal infrared brightness temperature measurements using a multiobjective approach, Water Resources Research, vol.204, issue.D14, pp.41-0101110, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2004WR003695

A. Olioso, Y. Inoue, S. Ortega-farias, J. Demarty, J. Wigneron et al., Future directions for advanced evap-otranspiration modeling: Assimilation of remote sensing data into crop simulation models and SVAT models, Irrig. Drain. Syst, vol.19, pp.3-4355, 2005.

W. Capehart and T. Carlson, Decoupling of surface and near-surface soil water content: A remote sensing perspective, Water Resources Research, vol.44, issue.5, pp.1383-1395, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97WR00617

R. Gillies, T. Carlson, J. Cui, W. Kustas, and K. Humes, A verification of the 'triangle' method for obtaining surface soil water content and energy fluxes from remote measurements of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and surface e, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.18, issue.15, pp.3145-3166, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/014311697217026

Y. Inoue, A. Olioso, and W. Choi, Dynamic change of CO 2 flux over bare soil field and its relationship with remotely sensed surface temperature, 2004.

B. Coudert, C. Ottlé, B. Boudevillain, J. Demarty, and P. Guillevic, Contribution of Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Data in Multiobjective Calibration of a Dual-Source SVAT Model, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.7, issue.3, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/JHM503.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00385464

J. Sobrino and N. Raissouni, Toward remote sensing methods for land cover dynamic monitoring: Application to Morocco, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.21, issue.2, pp.353-366, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/014311600210876

A. Wilber, D. Kratz, and S. Gupta, Surface emissivity maps for use in satellite retrievals of longwave radiation, 1999.

L. Zhou, R. Dickinson, K. Ogawa, Y. Tian, J. M. Schmugge et al., Relations between albedos and emissivities from MODIS and ASTER data over North African Desert, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.108, issue.D15, pp.202610-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2003GL018069

L. Zhou, R. Dickinson, Y. Tian, J. M. Ogawa, K. Yu et al., A sensitivity study of climate and energy balance simulations with use of satellite-derived emissivity data over Northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.108, issue.D15, p.479510, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD004083

M. Jin and S. Liang, An Improved Land Surface Emissivity Parameter for Land Surface Models Using Global Remote Sensing Observations, Journal of Climate, vol.19, issue.12, pp.2867-2881, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3720.1

Z. Wan, P. Wang, and X. Li, Using MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index products for monitoring drought in the southern Great Plains, USA, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.22, issue.1, pp.61-72, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/014311697219196

J. Norman and F. Becker, Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces, Remote Sensing Reviews, vol.12, issue.3-4, pp.159-173, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1982)021<1111:OTUOSD>2.0.CO;2

P. Dash, F. Göttsche, F. Olesen, and H. Fischer, Land surface temperature and emissivity estimation from passive sensor data: Theory and practice-current trends, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.23, issue.13, pp.2563-2594, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/01431160110115041

K. Ogawa, T. Schmugge, F. Jacob, and A. French, Estimation of land surface window (8?12 µm) emissivity from multi-spectral thermal infrared remote sensing ? a case study in a part of Sahara Desert, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.30, pp.1067-1071, 2003.

K. Ogawa and T. Schmugge, Mapping Surface Broadband Emissivity of the Sahara Desert Using ASTER and MODIS Data, Earth Interactions, vol.8, issue.7, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1087-3562(2004)008<0001:MSBEOT>2.0.CO;2

F. Becker and Z. Li, Surface temperature and emissivity at various scales: Definition, measurement and related problems, Remote Sensing Reviews, vol.12, issue.3-4, pp.225-253, 1995.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1442773

W. Kustas, J. Norman, M. Anderson, and A. French, Estimating subpixel surface temperatures and energy fluxes from the vegetation index-radiometric temperature relationship. Remote Sens. Environ, pp.85429-440, 2003.

K. Nishida, R. Nemani, J. Glassy, and S. Running, Development of an evapotranspiration index from aqua/MODIS for monitoring surface moisture status, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.41, issue.2, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2003.811744

D. Luquet, A. Bégué, A. Vidal, P. Clouvel, J. Dauzat et al., Using multidirectional thermography to characterize water status of cotton, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.84, issue.3, p.411421, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00131-1

G. Roerink, Z. Su, and M. Menenti, S-SEBI: A simple remote sensing algorithm to estimate the surface energy balance, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, vol.25, issue.2, pp.147-157, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1464-1909(99)00128-8

M. Gomez, J. Sobrino, A. Olioso, and F. Jacob, Retrieval of evapotranspiration over the Alpilles/ReSeDA experimental site using airborne POLDER sensor and a thermal camera, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.96, issue.3-4, pp.399-408, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2005.03.006

W. Kustas, K. Humes, J. Norman, and M. Moran, Single- and Dual-Source Modeling of Surface Energy Fluxes with Radiometric Surface Temperature, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.35, issue.1, 1996.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0110:SADSMO>2.0.CO;2

A. Chehbouni, D. Lo-seen, E. Njoku, and B. Monteny, Examination of the difference between radiative and aerodynamic surface temperatures over sparsely vegetated surfaces, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.58, issue.2, p.58177186, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00037-5

A. Chehbouni, D. Lo-seen, E. Njoku, J. Lhomme, B. Monteny et al., Estimation of sensible heat flux over sparsely vegetated surfaces, Journal of Hydrology, vol.188, issue.189, p.855868, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03174-5

F. Habets, J. Noilhan, C. Golaz, J. Goutorbe, P. Lacarrère et al., The ISBA surface scheme in a macroscale hydro-logical model applied to the Hapex-Mobilhy area. Part I: model and database, J. hydrol, pp.21775-96, 1999.

Z. Su, M. Menenti, H. Pelgrum, B. Van-den-hurk, and W. Bastiaanssen, Remote sensing of land surface fluxes for updating numerical weather predictions, Operational Remote Sensing for Sustainable Development, 1999.

J. Li, Z. Su, B. Van-den-hurk, M. Menenti, A. Moene et al., Estimation of sensible heat flux using the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) and ATSR measurements, Phys. Chem. Earth, vol.28, pp.75-88, 2003.

J. Demarty, C. Ottlé, I. Braud, A. Olioso, J. Frangi et al., Using a multiobjective approach to retrieve information on surface properties used in a SVAT model, Journal of Hydrology, vol.287, issue.1-4, pp.214-236, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.10.003

C. François, The potential of directional radiometric temperatures for monitoring soil and leaf temperature and soil moisture status, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.80, issue.1, pp.80122-133, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00293-0

I. Braud, D. Antonino, A. Vauclin, M. Thony, J. Ruelle et al., A simple soil-plant-atmosphere transfer model (SiSPAT) development and field verification, Journal of Hydrology, vol.166, issue.3-4, pp.213-250, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(94)05085-C

G. Boulet, A. Chehbouni, I. Braud, and M. Vauclin, Mosaic versus dual source approaches for modelling the surface energy balance of a semi-arid land, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.3, issue.2, pp.247-258, 1999.
DOI : 10.5194/hess-3-247-1999
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00330825

O. Merlin and A. Chehbouni, Different approaches in estimating heat flux using dual angle observations of radiative surface temperature, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.97, issue.1, pp.275-289, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00049-1

D. Luquet, A. Vidal, J. Dauzat, A. Bégué, A. Olioso et al., Using directional TIR measurements and 3D simulations to assess the limitations and opportunities of water stress indices. Remote Sens. Environ, pp.9053-62, 2003.

T. Yu, X. Gu, T. Tian, M. Legrand, F. Baret et al., Modeling directional brightness temperature over a maize canopy in row structure, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.42, pp.2290-2304, 2004.

W. Verhoef, Q. Xiao, L. Jia, and Z. Su, Earth observation modeling based on layer scattering matrices, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.17, issue.2, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(85)90072-0

J. Smith, . Jr, and J. Ballard, Physics based modeling and rendering of vegetation in the thermal infrared, Proceedings Workshop on Photometric Modeling for Computer Vision and Graphics (Cat. No.PR00271), 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/PMCVG.1999.787759

P. Guillevic, J. Gastellu-etchegorry, J. Demarty, and L. Prévot, Thermal infrared radiative transfer within three-dimensional vegetation covers, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.73, issue.8, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002247

J. Gastellu-etchegorry, E. Martin, and F. Gascon, DART: a 3D model for simulating satellite images and studying surface radiation budget, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.16, issue.1, pp.73-96, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/127719.122739

A. Belot, J. Gastellu-etchegorry, and A. Perrier, DART-EB, a 3-D model of mass and energy transfers in vegetated canopy, Remote Sens. Environ, 2005.

B. Seguin, F. Becker, T. Phulpin, X. Gu, G. Guyot et al., IRSUTE, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.68, issue.3, pp.357-369, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00122-9

E. Hernandez-baquero, Characterization of the Earth's Surface and Atmosphere from Multispectral and Hyperspectral Thermal Imagery Air Force Institute of Technology, p.270, 2000.

A. French, J. Norman, and M. Anderson, A simple and fast atmospheric correction for spaceborne remote sensing of surface temperature, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.87, issue.2-3, pp.326-333, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2003.08.001

J. Sobrino and M. Romaguera, Land surface temperature retrieval from MSG1-SEVIRI data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.92, issue.2, pp.247-254, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2004.06.009

F. Petitcolin, F. Nerry, and M. Stoll, Mapping temperature independent spectral indice of emissivity and directional emissivity in AVHRR channels 4 and 5, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.23, issue.17, pp.3473-3491, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(87)90070-8

T. Nakajima, T. Nakajima, M. Nakajima, H. Fukushima, M. Kuji et al., Optimization of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) II Global Imager (GLI) channels by use of radiative transfer calculations, Appl. Opt, issue.15, pp.373149-3163, 1998.

C. Justice, E. Vermote, J. Townshend, R. Defries, D. Roy et al., The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): land remote sensing for global change research, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.36, issue.4, pp.1228-1249, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/36.701075

L. , D. Edwards, M. Mutlow, C. Birks, A. Barton et al., AATSR: global-change and surface-temperature measurements from Envisat, Eur Space Agency Bull, vol.105, pp.11-21, 2001.

S. Goward, J. Masek, D. Williams, J. Irons, and R. Thompson, The Landsat 7 mission, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.78, issue.1-2, pp.3-12, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00262-0

Y. Yamaguchi, A. Kahle, H. Tsu, T. Kawakami, and M. Pniel, Overview of Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.36, pp.1282-1289, 1998.

F. Becker, B. Seguin, T. Phulpin, and J. Durpaire, IRSUTE, a small satellite for water budget estimate with high resolution infrared imagery, Acta Astronautica, vol.39, issue.9-12, pp.883-897, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0094-5765(97)00073-8

J. Lagouarde, SEXTET: a high resolution and high repetitivity infra red instrument on a mini satellite platform. Proposal to CNES call for ideas, 1997.

M. Menenti, M. Rast, F. Baret, B. Van-den-hurk, W. Knorr et al., Understanding vegetation response to climate variability from space: recent advances towards the SPECTRA Mission, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VII, pp.76-85, 2004.
DOI : 10.1117/12.510967

P. Weber, B. Brock, A. Garrett, B. Smith, C. Borel et al., MTI Mission Overview, Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Imaging Spectrometry V, pp.340-346, 1999.

F. Palluconi and G. Meeks, Thermal Infrared Multi-spectral Scanner (TIMS): an investigator's guide to TIMS data, pp.85-117, 1985.

A. Müller, P. Gege, and T. Cocks, The airborne imaging spectrometers used in daisex, pp.15-16, 2001.

M. King, W. Menzel, P. Grant, J. Myers, G. Arnold et al., Airborne Scanning Spectrometer for Remote Sensing of Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Surface Properties, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol.13, issue.4, pp.777-794, 1996.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0777:ASSFRS>2.0.CO;2

S. Hook, J. Myers, K. Thome, M. Fitzgerald, and A. Kahle, The MODIS/ASTER airborne simulator (MASTER) ??? a new instrument for earth science studies, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.76, issue.1, pp.93-102, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00195-4

L. Prévot, F. Baret, A. Chanzy, A. Olioso, J. Wigneron et al., Assimilation of multi-sensor and multi-temporal remote sensing data to monitor vegetation and soil: the Alpilles ReSeDA project, ) IGARSS '98 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Sensing and managing the environment, pp.2399-2401, 1998.

A. Olioso, L. Prévot, F. Baret, A. Chanzy, I. Braud et al., Spatial aspects in the Alpilles-ReSeDA project, Scaling and Modeling in Forestry: Application in Remote Sensing and GIS, pp.92-102, 1998.

F. Baret, ReSeDA, assimilation of multisensor and multitemporal remote sensing data to monitor soil and vegetation functioning, p.59, 2000.

R. National and . Council, Committee on NASA-NOAA Transition from Research to Operations: Satellite Observations of the Earth's Environment: Accelerating the Transition of Research to Operations, 2004.

Y. Yu, J. Privette, and A. Pinheiro, Analysis of the NPOESS VIIRS Land Surface Temperature Algorithm Using MODIS Data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.43, pp.2340-2350, 2005.

R. Vaughan, W. Calvin, and J. Taranik, SEBASS hyperspectral thermal infrared data: surface emissivity measurement and mineral mapping, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.85, issue.1, pp.48-63, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00186-4

Q. Liu, X. Gu, X. Li, F. Jacob, and J. Hanocq, Study on airborne experiment for directional patterns of thermal infrared radiation, Science in China, vol.30, pp.89-97, 2000.

V. Payan and A. Royer, Analysis of Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm applicability and sensitivity, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.99, issue.1, pp.15-37, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/36.700991

E. Rubio, V. Caselles, and C. Badenas, Emissivity measurements of several soils and vegetation types in the 8???14, ??m Wave band: Analysis of two field methods, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.59, issue.3, pp.490-521, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00123-X

Y. Kant and K. Badarinath, Ground-based method for measuring thermal infrared effective emissivities: Implications and perspectives on the measurement of land surface temperature from satellite data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.21, issue.11, pp.2179-2191, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(96)00039-9

E. Rubio, V. Caselles, C. Coll, E. Valor, and F. Sospedra, Thermal???infrared emissivities of natural surfaces: improvements on the experimental set-up and new measurements, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.24, issue.24, pp.5379-5390, 2003.
DOI : 10.1117/1.602094

Z. Li, R. Zhang, X. Sun, H. Su, X. Tang et al., Experimental system for the study of the directional thermal emission of natural surfaces, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.48, issue.1, pp.195-204, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/0143116031000116453

L. Coret, X. Briottet, Y. Kerr, and G. Chehbouni, Experimental study of directional aggregation over heterogeneous surfaces in the thermal infrared, 1973.

J. Garrat and B. Hicks, Momentum, heat and water vapour transfer to and from natural and artificial surfaces, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.74, issue.422, pp.680-687, 1973.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49709942209

J. Ham and J. Heilman, Aerodynamic and surface resistances affecting energy transport in a sparse crop, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.53, issue.4, pp.267-284, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90047-T

J. Garrat, Transfer characteristics for a heterogeneous surface of large aerodynamic roughness, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.98, issue.440, pp.491-502, 1978.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49710444019

D. Troufleau, J. Lhomme, B. Monteny, and A. Vidal, Sensible heat flux and radiometric surface temperature over sparse Sahelian vegetation. I. An experimental analysis of the kB???1 parameter, Journal of Hydrology, vol.188, issue.189, pp.188-189815, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03172-1

B. Choudhury, Estimating evaporation and carbon assimilation using infrared temperature data: vistas in modeling, Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing, pp.629-690, 1989.

J. Norman, M. Divakarla, and N. Goel, Algorithms for extracting information from remote thermal-IR observations of the earth's surface, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.51, issue.1, pp.157-168, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(94)00072-U

J. Martonchik, C. Bruegge, and A. Strahler, A review of reflectance nomenclature used in remote sensing, Remote Sensing Reviews, vol.83, issue.1-4, pp.9-20, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<1377:APOBCF>2.0.CO;2

X. Li, A. Strahler, and M. Friedl, A conceptual model for effective directional emissivity from non-isothermal surfaces, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.37, pp.2508-2517, 1999.

C. François, C. Ottlé, and L. Prévot, Analytical parameterization of canopy directional emissivity and directional radiance in the thermal infrared. Application on the retrieval of soil and foliage temperatures using two directional measurements, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.18, issue.12, pp.2587-2621, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/014311697217495

A. Chehbouni, Y. Nouvellon, Y. Kerr, M. Moran, C. Watts et al., Directional effect on radiative surface temperature measurements over a semiarid grassland site, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.76, issue.3, pp.360-372, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00183-3

A. Olioso, Evidence of Low Land Surface Thermal Infrared Emissivity in the Presence of Dry Vegetation, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol.4, issue.1, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/LGRS.2006.885857
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-00389431

R. Sutherland and J. Bartholic, Significance of Vegetation in Interpreting Thermal Radiation from a Terrestrial Surface, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.759-763, 1977.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0759:SOVIIT>2.0.CO;2

A. Colton, Effective thermal parameters for a heterogeneous land surface, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.57, issue.3, pp.143-160, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(95)00255-3

A. Barducci and Y. Pippi, Temperature and emissivity retrieval from remotely sensed images using the "Grey body emissivity" method, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.34, issue.3, pp.681-695, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/36.499748

E. Valor and V. Caselles, Mapping land surface emissivity from NDVI: Application to European, African, and South American areas, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.57, issue.3, pp.167-184, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(96)00039-9

J. Sobrino, S. `-oria, G. Prata, and A. , Surface temperature retrieval from Along Track Scanning Radiometer 2 data: Algorithms and validation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.15, issue.8, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD004212

S. `-oria, G. Sobrino, and J. , Envisat/aatsr derived land surface temperature over a heterogeneous region, Remote Sens. Environ, 2006.

L. Chen, Z. Li, Q. Liu, S. Chen, Y. Tang et al., Definition of component effective emissivity for heterogeneous and non-isothermal surfaces and its approximate calculation, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.18, issue.1, pp.231-244, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-1571(76)90087-X

L. Su, X. Li, M. Friedl, A. Strahler, and X. Gu, A kernel-driven model of effective directional emissivity for non-isothermal surfaces, Prog. Natural Sci, vol.12, issue.8, pp.603-607, 2002.

W. Snyder and Z. Wan, BRDF models to predict spectral reflectance and emissivity in the thermal infrared, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.36, issue.1, pp.214-225, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/36.655331

J. Roujean, M. Leroy, and P. Deschamps, A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth's surface for the correction of remote sensing data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.24, issue.3, pp.20455-20468, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92JD01411

W. Wanner, X. Li, and A. Strahler, On the derivation of kernels for kernel-driven models of bidirectional reflectance, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, issue.1, pp.21077-21089, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95JD02371

O. Engelsen, B. Pinty, M. Verstraete, and J. Martonchik, Parametric bidirectional reflectance factor models : evaluation, improvements and applications, 1996.

A. Berk, L. Bernstein, G. Anderson, P. Acharya, D. Robertson et al., MODTRAN Cloud and Multiple Scattering Upgrades with Application to AVIRIS, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.65, issue.3, pp.367-375, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00045-5

G. Anderson, A. Berk, P. Acharya, M. Matthew, L. Bernstein et al., radiative transfer modeling for remote sensing, Algorithms for multispectral, hyperspectral and ultraspectral imagery VI: Proceedings of SPIE, pp.176-183, 2000.

W. Verhoef, Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling: The SAIL model, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.16, issue.2, pp.125-141, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(84)90057-9

A. Olioso, Simulating the relationship between thermal emissivity and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.14, issue.16, pp.3211-3216, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(84)90057-9

A. Olioso, H. Chauki, D. Courault, and J. Wigneron, Estimation of Evapotranspiration and Photosynthesis by Assimilation of Remote Sensing Data into SVAT Models, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.68, issue.3, pp.341-356, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00121-7

D. Kimes, Effects of vegetation canopy structure on remotely sensed canopy temperatures, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.10, issue.3, pp.165-174, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(80)90020-6

L. Prévot, Modélisation deséchangesdes´deséchanges radiatifs au sein des couverts végétaux ? ApplicationàApplication`Applicationà la télédétection ? Validation sur un couvert de Ma¨?sMa¨?s, p.185, 1985.

R. Jackson, R. Reginato, and P. Pinter, Plant canopy information extraction from composite scene reflectance of row crops, Applied Optics, vol.18, issue.22, pp.3775-3782, 1979.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.18.003775

D. Kimes and J. Kirchner, Directional radiometric measurements of row-crop temperatures, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.15, issue.2, pp.299-311, 1983.
DOI : 10.1080/01431168308948548

J. Sobrino and V. Caselles, Thermal infrared radiance model for interpreting the directional radiometric temperature of a vegetative surface, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.33, issue.3, pp.193-199, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(90)90030-P

V. Caselles, J. Sobrino, and C. Coll, A physical model for interpreting the land surface temperature obtained by remote sensors over incomplete canopies. Remote Sens. Environ, pp.39203-211, 1992.

L. Coret, X. Briottet, Y. Kerr, and G. Chehbouni, Simulation Study of View Angle Effects on Thermal Infrared Measurements Over Heterogeneous Surfaces, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.42, issue.3, pp.664-672, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2003.819443

Y. Du, Q. Liu, L. Chen, Q. Liu, and Y. , Modeling Directional Brightness Temperature of the Winter Wheat Canopy at the Ear Stage, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.45, issue.11, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2007.903401

J. Norman and G. Campbell, Application of a plant-environment model to problems in irrigation Advances in irrigation, pp.155-188, 1983.

J. Norman and T. Arkebauer, Predicting canopy light-use efficiency from leaf characteristics, Modeling plant and soil systems, pp.125-143, 1991.

J. Dauzat, B. Rapidel, and A. Berger, Simulation of leaf transpiration and sap flow in virtual plants: model description and application to a coffee plantation in Costa Rica, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.109, issue.2, pp.143-160, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00236-2

L. Jia, Modeling heat exchanges at the land atmosphere interface using multi-angular thermal infrared measurements, 2004.

H. Su, R. Zhang, X. Tang, and X. Sun, Determination of the effective emissivity for the regular and irregular cavities using Monte-Carlo method, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.21, issue.11, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/01431160050029594

L. Su, X. Li, S. Liang, and A. Strahler, Simulation of scaling effects of thermal emission from non-isothermal pixels with the typical three-dimensional structure, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.12, issue.19, pp.3743-3753, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(87)90015-0

D. Kimes, Y. Knyazikhin, J. Privette, A. Abuelgasim, and F. Gao, Inversion methods for physically???based models, Remote Sensing Reviews, vol.1, issue.2-4, pp.381-439, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/99.735892

J. Chen, X. Li, T. Nilson, and A. Strahler, Recent advances in geometrical optical modelling and its applications, Remote Sensing Reviews, vol.100, issue.2-4, pp.227-262, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/95JD02371

W. Qin and S. Liang, Plane???parallel canopy radiation transfer modeling: Recent advances and future directions, Remote Sensing Reviews, vol.15, issue.2-4, pp.281-305, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/95JD02371

A. Nolin and S. Liang, Progress in bidirectional reflectance modeling and applications for surface particulate media: Snow and soils, Remote Sensing Reviews, vol.25, issue.2-4, pp.307-342, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01053311

W. Lucht and J. Roujean, Considerations in the parametric modeling of BRDF and albedo from multiangular satellite sensor observations, Remote Sensing Reviews, vol.98, issue.2-4, pp.18343-379, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/99.735892

T. Schmugge, A. French, J. Ritchie, A. Rango, and H. Pelgrum, Temperature and emissivity separation from multispectral thermal infrared observations, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.79, issue.2-3, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00272-3

F. Jacob, F. Petitcolin, T. Schmugge, E. Vermote, K. Ogawa et al., Comparison of land surface emissivity and radiometric temperature derived from MODIS and ASTER sensors, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.90, issue.2, pp.1-18, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.015

F. Hall, K. Huemmrich, S. Goetz, P. Sellers, and P. Nickeson, Satellite remote sensing of surface energy balance: Success, failures, and unresolved issues in FIFE, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.97, issue.D17, pp.19061-19089, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92JD02189

H. Bolle, EFEDA: European Field in Desertification threatened Area, Annales Geophysicae, vol.11, pp.173-189, 1993.

J. Goutorbe, HAPEX-Sahel: a large-scale study of land-atmosphere interactions in the semi-arid tropics, Annales Geophysicae, vol.12, issue.1, pp.53-64, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/s00585-994-0053-0

K. Havstad, W. Kustas, A. Rango, J. Ritchie, and T. Schmugge, Jornada Experimental Range, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.74, issue.1, pp.13-25, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00118-8

D. Baldocchi, E. Falge, L. Gu, R. Olson, D. Hollinger et al., FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem???Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.82, issue.11, pp.82-112415, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2

M. Berger, M. Rast, P. Wursteisen, E. Attema, J. Moreno et al., The DAISEX campaigns in support of a future land-surface-processes mission ESA Bulletin, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.105, pp.101-111, 2001.

E. Njoku, V. Lakshmi, O. Neill, and P. , Soil moisture field experiment special issue, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.92, issue.4, pp.92425-426, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2004.06.001

T. Schmugge, S. Hook, and C. Coll, Recovering Surface Temperature and Emissivity from Thermal Infrared Multispectral Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.65, issue.2, pp.121-131, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00023-6

C. Coll, V. Caselles, E. Rubio, F. Sospedra, and E. Valor, Temperature and emissivity separation from calibrated data of the Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.76, issue.2, pp.76250-259, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00207-8

M. Buongiorno, V. Realmuto, and F. Doumaz, Recovery of spectral emissivity from Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner imagery acquired over a mountainous terrain A case study from Mount Etna Sicily, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.79, issue.1, pp.123-133, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00246-2

C. Coll, V. Caselles, E. Rubio, E. Valor, F. Sospedra et al., Temperature and emissivity extracted from airborne multi-channel data in the ReSeDA experiment, Agronomie, vol.22, issue.6, pp.567-574, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2002034

F. Jacob, X. Gu, J. Hanocq, and F. Baret, Atmospheric corrections of single broadband channel and multidirectional airborne thermal infrared data: Application to the ReSeDA experiment, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.20, issue.16, pp.3269-3290, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(89)90125-9

C. Coll, V. Caselles, E. Valor, and E. Rubio, Validation of temperature-emissivity separation and split-window methods from TIMS data and ground measurements, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.85, issue.2, pp.232-242, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00003-8

C. Coll, E. Valor, V. Caselles, and R. Nicì-os, Adjusted Normalized Emissivity Method for surface temperature and emissivity retrieval from optical and thermal infrared remote sensing data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.57, issue.18, pp.473910-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD003688

J. Sobrino, J. Jimenez-munoz, J. El-kharraz, M. Gomez, M. Romaguera et al., Single-channel and two-channel methods for land surface temperature retrieval from DAIS data and its application to the Barrax site, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.89, issue.1, pp.215-230, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002197

T. Schmugge, F. Jacob, A. , F. Ogawa, and K. , Quantitative estimates of emis-AQ: Please provide Author name. sivity using ASTER data, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Recent Advances in Quantitative Remote Sensing, pp.585-589, 2002.

T. Schmugge, K. Ogawa, F. Jacob, A. French, Y. Hsu et al., Validation of emissivity estimates from ASTER data, Proceedings of 2003 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, pp.21-25, 2003.

J. Sobrino, J. Jimenez-munoz, and L. Paolini, Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.90, issue.4, pp.434-440, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.003

F. Li, T. Jackson, W. Kustas, T. Schmugge, A. French et al., Deriving land surface temperature from Landsat 5 and 7 during SMEX02/SMACEX, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.92, issue.4, pp.521-534, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.018

J. Jimenez-munoz, J. Sobrino, A. Gillespie, D. Sabol, and T. Gustafson, Improved land surface emissivities over agricultural areas using ASTER NDVI, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.103, issue.4, pp.474-487, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.012

J. Jimenez-munoz and J. Sobrino, A generalized single-channel method for retrieving land surface temperature from remote sensing data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.14, issue.3, pp.468810-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD003480

Z. Wan, Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, and Z. Li, Validation of the land-surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.83, issue.1-2, pp.163-180, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00093-7

Z. Wan, Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, and Z. Li, Quality assessment and validation of the MODIS global land surface temperature, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.80, issue.1, pp.261-274, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00093-7

C. Coll, V. Caselles, J. Galve, E. Valor, R. Nicì-os et al., Ground measurements for the validation of land surface temperatures derived from AATSR and MODIS data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.97, issue.3, pp.288-300, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.007

M. Weiss, F. Baret, S. Garrigues, and R. Lacaze, Methods for the validation of land products derived from Medium Resolution sensors: application to CYCLOPES V3.0 and MODIS Coll. 4 LAI product, Remote Sens. Environ, 2006.

H. Tonooka, An atmospheric correction algorithm for thermal infrared multispectral data over land-a water-vapor scaling method, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.39, issue.3, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/36.911125

P. Dash, F. Göttsche, and F. Olesen, Potential of MSG for surface temperature and emissivity estimation: Considerations for real-time applications, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.23, issue.20, pp.4511-4518, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/01431160210146659

L. Peres and C. Dacamara, Land surface temperature and emissivity estimation based on the two-temperature method: sensitivity analysis using simulated MSG/SEVIRI data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.91, issue.3-4, pp.377-389, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.011

P. Dash, F. Göttsche, F. Olesen, and H. Fischer, Separating surface emissivity and temperature using two-channel spectral indices and emissivity composites and comparison with a vegetation fraction method, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.96, issue.1, pp.961-978, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2004.12.023

L. Jia, Z. Li, M. Menenti, Z. Su, W. Verhoef et al., A practical algorithm to infer soil and foliage component temperatures from bi-angular ATSR-2 data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.13, issue.23, pp.4739-4760, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/36.581987

D. Kratz, M. Chou, M. Michael, Y. Ho, and C. , distribution method with one-parameter scaling, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.350, issue.D24, pp.31647-31656, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/1998JD200009

R. Saunders, P. Brunel, S. English, P. Bauer, U. Okeeffe et al., Rttov-8, science and validation report, p.2, 2005.

F. Gottsche and F. Olesen, Evolution of neural networks for radiative transfer calculations in the terrestrial infrared, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.80, issue.1, pp.157-164, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00297-8

J. Derber, D. Parrish, and S. Lord, The new global operational analysis system at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) Weather Forecast, pp.538-547, 1991.

J. Derber and W. Wu, The Use of TOVS Cloud-Cleared Radiances in the NCEP SSI Analysis System, Monthly Weather Review, vol.126, issue.8, pp.2287-2299, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2287:TUOTCC>2.0.CO;2

M. Schroedter, F. Olesen, and H. Fischer, Determination of land surface temperature distributions from single channel IR measurements: An effective spatial interpolation method for the use of TOVS, ECMWF and radiosonde profiles in the atmospheric correction scheme, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.24, issue.6, pp.1189-1196, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/01431160110115087

A. Hirano, R. Welch, and H. Lang, Mapping from ASTER stereo image data: DEM validation and accuracy assessment, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.57, issue.5-6, pp.1-15, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-2716(02)00164-8

D. Gu, A. Gillespie, A. Kahle, and F. Palluconi, Autonomous atmospheric compensation (AAC) of high resolution hyperspectral thermal infrared remote sensing imagery, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.38, pp.2557-2569, 2000.

Z. Li, J. Li, Z. Su, Z. Wan, and R. Zhang, A new approach for retrieving precipitable water from ATSR2 split-window channel data over land area, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.77, issue.24, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/36.581987

J. Sobrino, E. Kharraz, J. Li, and Z. , Surface temperature and water vapour retrieval from MODIS data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.97, issue.24, pp.5161-5182, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0126:WSEOSS>2.0.CO;2

T. De-felice, D. Lloyd, D. Meyer, T. Baltzer, and P. Piraino, Technical note. Water vapour correction of the daily 1 km AVHRR global land dataset: Part I validation and use of the Water Vapour input field, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.24, issue.11, pp.2365-2375, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/0143116021000053283

F. Rabier, N. Fourrié, D. Chafa¨?chafa¨?, and P. Prunet, Channel selection methods for Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer radiances, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.16, issue.581, pp.1-17, 2001.
DOI : 10.1256/0035900021643638
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00180780

A. Pinheiro, J. Privette, R. Mahoney, and C. Tucker, Directional effects in a daily AVHRR land surface temperature dataset over Africa, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.42, issue.9, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2004.831886

A. Van-de-griend and M. Owe, On the relationship between thermal emissivity and the normalized difference vegetation index for natural surfaces, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.20, issue.6, pp.1119-1131, 1993.
DOI : 10.1080/01431168908903971

Y. Kerr, J. Lagouarde, F. Nerry, and C. Ottlé, Land surface temperature retrieval techniques and applications, Boca Raton, pp.33-109, 2004.
DOI : 10.1201/9780203502174-c3

W. Snyder, Z. Wan, Y. Zhang, and Y. Feng, Classification-based emissivity for land surface temperature measurement from space, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.19, issue.14, pp.2753-2774, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/014311698214497

V. Payan and A. Royer, Spectral emissivity of northern land cover types derived with MODIS and ASTER sensors in MWIR and LWIR, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.36, issue.4, pp.150-156, 2004.
DOI : 10.5589/m03-065

L. Peres and C. Dacamara, Emissivity maps to retrieve land-surface temperature from MSG/SEVIRI, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.43, issue.8, pp.1834-1844, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2005.851172

A. Gillespie, Lithologic mapping of silicate rocks using TIMS In: The TIMS data user workshop, pp.29-44, 1985.

A. Mushkin, L. Balick, and A. Gillespie, Extending surface temperature and emissivity retrieval to the mid-infrared (3?5 µm) using the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) Remote Sens. Environ, pp.141-151, 2005.

A. Gillespie, S. Rokugawa, T. Matsunaga, S. Cothern, S. Hook et al., A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.36, issue.4, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/36.700995

S. Liang, An optimization algorithm for separating land surface temperature and emissivity from multispectral thermal infrared imagery, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.39, issue.2, pp.264-274, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/36.905234

A. Mushkin, L. Balick, and A. Gillespie, <title>Temperature/emissivity separation of MTI data using the Terra/ASTER TES algorithm</title>, Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery VIII, pp.328-337, 2002.
DOI : 10.1117/12.478764

D. Gu and A. Gillespie, A new approach for temperature and emissivity AQ: Please check the page range. separation, Int. J. Remote Sens, pp.212127-2132, 2000.

K. Ogawa, T. Schmugge, F. Jacob, and A. French, Estimation of broadband land surface emissivity from multispectral thermal infrared remote sensing, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00885986

L. Peres and C. Dacamara, Inverse Problems Theory and Application: Analysis of the Two-Temperature Method for Land-Surface Temperature and Emissivity Estimation, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol.1, issue.3, pp.206-210, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/LGRS.2004.830613

Z. Wan and Z. Li, A physics-based algorithm for retrieving land-surface emissivity and temperature from EOS/MODIS data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.35, pp.980-996, 1997.

K. Watson, Two-temperature method for measuring emissivity, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.42, issue.2, pp.117-121, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(92)90095-2

D. Boyd and F. Petitcolin, m), International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.86, issue.17, pp.3343-3368, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/01431160310001654356

C. Huntingford, A. Verhoef, and J. Stewart, Dual versus single source models for estimating surface temperature of African savannah, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.4, issue.1, pp.185-191, 2000.
DOI : 10.5194/hess-4-185-2000
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00304528

W. Kustas, B. Choudhury, M. Moran, R. Reginato, R. Jackson et al., Determination of sensible heat flux over sparse canopy using thermal infrared data, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.44, issue.3-4, pp.197-216, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(89)90017-8

M. Moran, W. Kustas, A. Vidal, D. Stannard, J. Blanford et al., Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland, Water Resources Research, vol.9, issue.5, pp.1339-1349, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/93WR03064

J. Stewart, W. Kustas, K. Humes, W. Nichols, M. Moran et al., Sensible Heat Flux-Radiometric Surface Temperature Relationship for Eight Semiarid Areas, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.33, issue.9, pp.1110-1117, 1994.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<1110:SHFRST>2.0.CO;2

J. Sun and L. Mahrt, Determination of Surface Fluxes from the Surface Radiative Temperature, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.52, issue.8, pp.1096-1106, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1096:DOSFFT>2.0.CO;2

A. Cahill and M. Parlange, On the Brutsaert temperature roughness length model for sensible heat flux estimation, Water Resources Research, vol.106, issue.10, pp.2315-2324, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97WR01638

J. Lhomme, D. Troufleau, B. Monteny, A. Chehbouni, and S. Bauduin, Sensible heat flux and radiometric surface temperature over sparse Sahelian vegetation II. A model for the kB???1 parameter, Journal of Hydrology, vol.188, issue.189, pp.188-189839, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03173-3

A. Verhoef, D. Bruin, H. Van-den-hurk, and B. , for Sparse Vegetation, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.36, issue.5, pp.560-572, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<0560:SPNOTP>2.0.CO;2

R. Qualls and D. Yates, Directional radiometric temperature profiles within a grass canopy, Advances in Water Resources, vol.24, issue.2, pp.145-155, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0309-1708(00)00040-3

M. Molder and A. Lindroth, Dependence of kB???1 factor on roughness Reynolds number for barley and pasture, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.106, issue.2, pp.147-152, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00200-8

M. Molder and E. Kellner, Excess resistance of bog surfaces in central Sweden, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.112, issue.1, pp.23-30, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00043-6

L. Prévot, Y. Brunet, U. Paw, and B. Seguin, Canopy modeling for estimating sensible heat flux from thermal infrared measurements In: Workshop on Thermal Remote Sensing of the Energy Balance Over Vegetation in Conjunction with Other Sensor, pp.20-23, 1993.

J. Norman, W. Kustas, and K. Humes, Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.77, issue.3-4, pp.263-293, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02265-Y

W. Kustas and J. Norman, Evaluation of soil and vegetation heat flux predictions using a simple two-source model with radiometric temperatures for partial canopy cover, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.94, issue.1, pp.13-29, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00005-2

W. Kustas and J. Norman, A Two-Source Energy Balance Approach Using Directional Radiometric Temperature Observations for Sparse Canopy Covered Surfaces, Agronomy Journal, vol.92, issue.5, pp.847-854, 2000.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2000.925847x

A. Olioso, Estimating the difference between brightness and surface temperatures for a vegetal canopy, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.72, issue.3-4, pp.237-242, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(94)02163-E

J. Lagouarde, Y. Kerr, and Y. Brunet, An experimental study of angular effects on surface temperature for various plant canopies and bare soils, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.77, issue.3-4, pp.167-190, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02260-5

M. Verbrugghe and J. Cierniewski, Influence and modelling of view angles and microrelief on surface temperature measurements of bare agricultural soils, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.53, issue.3, pp.166-173, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-2716(98)00005-7

J. Sobrino and J. Cuenca, Angular variation of thermal infrared emissivity for some natural surfaces from experimental measurements, Applied Optics, vol.38, issue.18, pp.3931-3936, 1999.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.38.003931

M. Weiss, F. Baret, M. Leroy, O. Hautecoeur, C. Bacour et al., Evaluation of Neural Network techniques to estimate canopy biophysical variables from remote sensing data, Agronomie: Agric. Environ, pp.22547-553, 2002.

W. Bastiaanssen, M. Menenti, R. Feddes, and A. Holtslag, A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL). 1. Formulation, Journal of Hydrology, vol.212, issue.213, pp.212-213198, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00253-4

Z. Su, A. Yacob, J. Wen, G. Roerink, Y. He et al., Assessing relative soil moisture with remote sensing data: theory, experimental validation, and application to drought monitoring over the North China Plain, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, vol.28, issue.1-3, pp.89-101, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00010-X

N. Brisson, C. Gary, E. Justes, R. Roche, M. B. Ripoche et al., An overview of the crop model stics, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.18, issue.3-4, pp.309-332, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00110-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190851

E. Mougin, L. Seen, D. Rambal, S. Gaston, A. Hiernaux et al., A regional Sahelian grassland model to be coupled with multispectral satellite data. I: Model description and validation, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.52, issue.3, pp.181-193, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(94)00126-8

J. Pellenq and G. Boulet, A methodology to test the pertinence of remote-sensing data assimilation into vegetation models for water and energy exchange at the land surface, Agronomie, vol.24, issue.4, pp.197-204, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2004017
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886008

C. Lauvernet, F. Baret, L. Dimet, and F. , Assimilating high temporal frequency SPOT data to describe canopy functioning: the ADAM project, IGARSS 2003. 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37477), pp.3184-3186, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/IGARSS.2003.1294723

R. Delécolle, S. Maas, M. Guérif, and F. Baret, Remote sensing and crop production models: present trends, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.47, issue.2-3, pp.145-161, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0924-2716(92)90030-D

M. Weiss, D. Troufleau, F. Baret, H. Chauki, L. Prévot et al., Coupling canopy functioning and radiative transfer models for remote sensing data assimilation, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.108, issue.2, pp.113-128, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00234-9

S. Moulin, L. Kergoat, P. Cayrol, G. Dedieu, and L. Prévot, Calibration of a coupled canopy functioning and SVAT model in the ReSeDA experiment, Towards the assimilation of SPOT/HRV observations into the model, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00885984

L. Prévot, H. Chauki, D. Troufleau, M. Weiss, F. Baret et al., Assimilating optical and radar data into the STICS crop model for wheat, Agronomie, vol.23, issue.4, 2003.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2003003

C. Ottlé and D. Vidal-madjar, Assimilation of soil moisture inferred from infrared remote sensing in a hydrological model over the HAPEX-MOBILHY region, Journal of Hydrology, vol.158, issue.3-4, pp.241-264, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(94)90056-6

B. Van-den-hurk, W. Bastiaanssen, H. Pelgrum, and E. Van-meijgaard, A New Methodology for Assimilation of Initial Soil Moisture Fields in Weather Prediction Models Using Meteosat and NOAA Data, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.36, issue.9, pp.1271-1283, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1271:ANMFAO>2.0.CO;2

A. Chehbouni, E. Njoku, J. Lhomme, and Y. Kerr, Approaches for Averaging Surface Parameters and Fluxes over Heterogeneous Terrain, Journal of Climate, vol.8, issue.5, pp.1386-1393, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1386:AFASPA>2.0.CO;2

E. Njoku, S. Hook, and A. Chehbouni, Effects of surface heterogeneity on thermal remote sensing of land parameters, Chapter 2 In: Scaling up in hydrology using remote sensing, pp.19-31, 1996.

Z. Su, H. Pelgrum, and M. Menenti, Aggregation effects of surface heterogeneity in land surface processes, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.3, issue.4, pp.549-563, 1999.
DOI : 10.5194/hess-3-549-1999
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00304557

F. Bouguerzaz, A. Olioso, and M. Raffy, Modelling Radiative and Energy Balance on Heterogeneous Areas from Remotely-Sensed Radiances, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.51, issue.12, pp.412-424, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/07038992.1999.10874740

W. Kustas and J. Norman, Evaluating the Effects of Subpixel Heterogeneity on Pixel Average Fluxes, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.74, issue.3, pp.327-342, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00081-4

A. Chehbouni, C. Watts, Y. Kerr, G. Dedieu, J. Rodriguez et al., Methods to aggregate turbulent fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces: application to SALSA data set in Mexico, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.105, issue.1-3, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00185-4

A. French, T. Schmugge, W. Kustas, K. Brubaker, and J. Prueger, Surface energy fluxes over El Reno, Oklahoma, using high-resolution remotely sensed data, Water Resources Research, vol.97, issue.3, p.1164, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002WR001734

N. Brunsell and R. Gillies, Scale issues in land???atmosphere interactions: implications for remote sensing of the surface energy balance, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.117, issue.3-4, pp.203-221, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00064-9

W. Kustas, F. Li, T. Jackson, J. Prueger, J. Macpherson et al., Effects of remote sensing pixel resolution on modeled energy flux variability of croplands in Iowa, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.92, issue.4, pp.535-547, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.020

T. Lyons and S. Halldin, Surface heterogeneity and the spatial variation of fluxes, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.121, issue.3-4, pp.153-165, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.08.031

J. Norman, M. Anderson, W. Kustas, A. French, J. Mecikalski et al., Remote sensing of surface energy fluxes at 10 ?1 m pixel resolutions, Water Res. Res, vol.39, p.1221, 2003.

H. Cardot, R. Faivre, and M. Goulard, Functional approaches for predicting land use with the temporal evolution of coarse resolution remote sensing data, Journal of Applied Statistics, vol.43, issue.10, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(79)90013-0

M. Anderson, J. Norman, G. Diak, W. Kustas, and J. Mecikalski, A Two-Source Time-Integrated Model for Estimating Surface Fluxes Using Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.60, issue.2, pp.195-216, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00215-5

P. Guillevic, Modélisation des bilans radiatif eténergétiqueet´eténergétique des couverts végétaux, p.181, 1999.

T. Schmugge and K. Ogawa, Validation of Emissivity Estimates from ASTER and MODIS Data, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pp.260-262, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.71

A. Advanced, A. Anem-adjusted, and N. Aster, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ATSR Along-Track Scanning Radiometer AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer DA Dual Angle differencing method DAIS Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer DAISEX DAIS EXperiment DART Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer DART-EB DART-Energy Balance