J. M. Acheson, Where have all the exploiters gone? Co-management of the Maine lobster industry, 1989.

S. Al-jufaili, M. Al-jabri, A. Al-baluchi, R. M. Baldwin, S. C. Wilson et al., Human Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Sultanate of Oman, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.49, pp.49-65, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7714(99)80010-9

F. Allard-poesi, Cartes cognitives : pour ne pas jeter le bébé avec l'eau du bain, Ve Conférence Internationale de Management Stratégique, 1996.

S. Andréfouët and D. Torres-pullizza, Atlas des récifs coralliens de Nouvelle-Calédonie, pp.26-48, 2004.

. Anonyme, Accord sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1998.

P. Ardilly, Les techniques de sondage, Editions Technip, vol.393, 1994.

G. Argentin, Quand faire c'est dire, 1989.

C. Athanassiou, Le remaniement des souvenirs. In, Revue française de psychanalyse, Des Biographies. L II, pp.67-90, 1988.

R. Axelrod, Structure of decision: the cognitive maps of political elites, 1976.
DOI : 10.1515/9781400871957

B. Bachimont, Ontologie régionale et terminologie : quelques remarques méthodologiques et critiques, La banque des mots, Terminologie et Intelligence Artificielle Numéro Spécial, pp.7-95, 1995.

J. Bailleul, Apport des systèmes d'information géographique pour une gestion spatialisée des écosystèmes coralliens. Cas de la pêcherie au crabe de palétuvier dans la zone de Voh (Nouvelle-Calédonie), p.50, 2006.

R. P. Bak, Lethal and sublethal effects of dredging on reef corals, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.9, issue.1, pp.14-16, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(78)90275-8

V. Bala, D. Larus, L. Lam, M. Franz, and M. , Dynamo: A transparent dynamic optimization system, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2000 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, PLDI, p.12, 2000.

L. Bardin, Analyse de contenu, 1983.

J. W. Baretta, J. G. Baretta-bekker, and R. P. , Data needs for ecosystem modelling, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.55, issue.4, pp.756-766, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsc.1998.0378

N. H. Barker and C. M. Roberts, Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs, Biological Conservation, vol.120, issue.4, pp.481-489, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.021

V. Bauer, Simulation, evaluation and conflicts analysis in urban planning Portraits of complexity: applications of system ethnologies to societal problems, pp.179-192, 1975.

S. Beaud and F. Weber, Guide de l'enquête de terrain, 2003.

W. Bedsworth and D. L. Seldak, Sources and Environmental Fate of Strongly Complexed Nickel in Estuarine Waters:?? The Role of Ethylenediaminetetraacetate, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.33, issue.6, pp.926-931, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/es9809556

P. E. Bertram and T. B. Reynoldson, Developing ecosystem objectives for the Great Lakes: policy, progress and public participation, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, vol.1, issue.2, pp.89-95, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00044040

X. Bio, D. Zhuhong, and X. W. , Impact of intensive shrimp farming on the water qualitu of the adjacent coastal creeks from Eastern China, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.48, pp.5-6, 2004.

E. C. Bird and J. I. Dubois, The impacts of opencast mining on the rivers and coasts of New Caledonia, p.65, 1984.

A. Blanchet and A. Gotman, L'enquête et ses méthodes : l'entretien, Sociologie, vol.128, issue.128, 1993.

P. Bonacih, Factoring and weighting approaches to status scores and clique identification, Journal of Mathematical Sociology, issue.2, pp.113-120, 1972.

J. Boncoeur, Pêche et aquaculture en Nouvelle-Calédonie Perspectives de développement pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie, pp.45-84, 1992.

S. P. Borgatti, Centrality and network flow, Social Networks, vol.27, issue.1, pp.55-71, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.387.419

S. P. Borgatti, Accepted. Identifying sets of key players in social networks, Computational & Mathematical Organizational Theory

S. P. Borgatti, K. M. Carley, and K. D. , On the robustness of centrality measures under conditions of imperfect data, Social Networks, vol.28, issue.2, pp.124-136, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socnet.2005.05.001

S. P. Borgatti, M. G. Everrett, and I. Press, A Graph-theoretic perspective on centrality, Social Networks, vol.28, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/j.socnet.2005.11.005

W. N. Borst, Contruction of engineering ontologies, 1997.

M. G. Bougon, K. E. Weick, and D. Binkhordt, Cognition in Organizations: An Analysis of the Utrecht Jazz Orchestra, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.22, issue.4, pp.606-639, 1977.
DOI : 10.2307/2392403

F. Bousquet, Simulating the management of renewable resources with multi-agent systems, 1995.

N. Bodoe, Ed The Fifth Annual Meeting of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, pp.1-10

M. Boyle, An Adaptive Ecosystem Approach to Monitoring: Developing Policy Performance Indicators for Ontario Ministry Of Natural Resources, 1998.

Y. Bozec, Les poissons des récifs-coralliens de Nouvelle-Calédonie : Estimation d'abondance, relations habitat-poissons, interactions trophiques et indicateurs écologiques, p.324, 2006.

R. J. Bray and J. T. Curtis, An Ordination of the Upland Forest Communities of Southern Wisconsin, Ecological Monographs, vol.27, issue.4, pp.325-349, 1957.
DOI : 10.2307/1942268

J. Brethes and A. Fontana, Recherches interdisciplinaire et gestion des pêcheries. Centre International d'Exploitation des Océans, 1992.

G. D. Brewer and P. Deleon, The foundations of policy analysis, 1983.

S. M. Brown, COGNITIVE MAPPING AND REPERTORY GRIDS FOR QUALITATIVE SURVEY RESEARCH: SOME COMPARATIVE OBSERVATIONS, Journal of Management Studies, vol.10, issue.3, pp.287-307, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00666.x

J. J. Bryant, The impact of human settlements on Marine/coastal biodiversity in the tropical island In : Pacific science association and East-West Center Marine/coastal Biodiverrsity in the tropical island pacific region: population, Development and conservation priorities, 1994.

D. M. Buede and D. O. Ferrell, Convergence in problem solving: a prelude to quantitative analysis, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.23, issue.3, pp.746-765, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/21.256547

D. Buffer, Le secteur minier connait une concentration inédite Le Monde Bureau d'Audience Publiques sur l'Environnement (BAPE) Projet de construction d'une usine d'électrolyse a Alma, par Alcan Aluminium Itée, 1997.

J. C. Bythell, Z. M. Hillis-starr, and R. C. , Local variability but landscape stability in coral reef communites following repeated hurricane impacts, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.204, pp.93-100, 2000.
DOI : 10.3354/meps204093

K. Carley, Formalizing the social expert's knowledge. Sociological Methods and Research, pp.165-232, 1988.

K. Carley and M. Palmquist, Extracting, Representing, and Analyzing Mental Models, Social Forces, vol.70, issue.3, pp.601-636, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2579746

URL : http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=isr

P. Chabanet, V. Dufour, and R. Galzin, Disturbance impact on reef fish communities in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.188, issue.1, pp.29-48, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(94)00184-F

H. Chansang, Coastal tin mining and marine pollution in Tailand, Ambio, vol.17, issue.3, pp.223-228, 1988.

C. Chevillon, Influence des rejets d'une ferme aquacole sur l'environnement littoral _ "La Pénéide de Ouano" _ Sédimentologie _ Rapport Final, Conventions Science de la Mer N°24. ORSTOM, 1999.

L. M. Chou, The impact of human influence on the fringing reef of Pulau Hantu, 1988.

M. A. Cialone and D. K. Stauble, Histolrical findings on ebb shoal mining, Journal of Coastal Research, vol.14, issue.2, pp.537-563, 1998.

T. W. Clark, The policy process. A practical guide for natural resource professionals, 2002.

T. W. Clark, A. R. Willard, and C. C. , Foundations of natural resources policy management, 2000.

L. Programme, Connaissance et mise en valeur du lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie" : Le bilan, ORSTOM, p.71

C. Coll, Proposition d'indicateurs de la pression de pêche chez les poissons récifaux Application à la partie lagonaire de la zone d'influence d'un projet minier en Province Nord de Nouvelle-Calédonie, p.70, 2003.

R. Cornforth, Integrated coastal zone management: The pacific way, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.29, issue.1-3, pp.10-13, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(94)90420-0

P. Cossette, Chapitre 6. La carte cognitive idiosyncratique Etude exploratoire des schèmes personnels de propriétaires-dirigeants de PME, Cartes cognitives et organisations, Les Editions de L'ADREG, pp.169-226, 2003.

P. Cossette, M??thode syst??matique d'aide ?? la formulation de la vision strat??gique??: Illustration aupr??s d'un propri??taire-dirigeant, Revue de l???Entrepreneuriat, vol.2, issue.1, pp.1-18, 2003.
DOI : 10.3917/entre.021.0002

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=ENTRE_021_0002

P. Cossette and M. Audet, MAPPING OF AN IDIOSYNCRATIC SCHEMA*, Journal of Management Studies, vol.10, issue.4, pp.325-347, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00668.x

A. Crober, The Ecosystem Approach To Ecosystem Management. Senior Honours Thesis, p.22, 1999.

M. P. Crosby, G. Brighouse, and M. Pichon, Priorités et stratégies d'intervention face aux menaces naturelles et anthropiques sur les récifs coralliens des pays et états insulaires océaniens, Kulbicki M., comp. Les récifs coralliens du Pacifique : état et suivi, ressources et gestion. Symposium régional International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). Documents Scientifiques et Techniques II5, 2002.

M. M. Crossan, Organization learning: sociocognitive model of strategic management, 1991.

M. J. Cruickshank and H. Hess, Marine sand and gravel. Oceanus, pp.32-44, 1975.

V. H. Dale and S. C. Beyeler, Challenges in the development and use of ecological indicators, Ecological Indicators, vol.1, issue.1, pp.3-10, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00003-6

P. Dalzell, T. Adams, and P. N. , Coastal Fisheries in the Pacific Islands, Oceanography and Marine Biology. An Annual Review, vol.34, pp.394-531, 1996.

P. Dalzell, The role of archaeological and cultural-historical records in long-range coastal fisheries resources management strategies and policies in the Pacific Islands, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.40, issue.2-3, pp.237-252, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0964-5691(98)00043-X

Y. Dandonneau, J. P. Debenay, F. Dugas, P. Fourmanoir, Y. Magnier et al., Le lagon dela grande Terre. Présentation d'ensemble. Sédimentologie et hydrologie du sud-ouest. Planche 8, ORSTOM, Atlas de Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances, ORSTOM, p.108, 1981.

G. A. Davis, Anchor damage to a coral reef on the coast of Florida, Biological Conservation, vol.11, issue.1, pp.29-34, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(77)90024-6

D. Rosnay and J. , Le macroscope : vers une vision globale. Seuil, 1975.

M. Desprez, Physical and biological impact of marine aggregate extraction along the French coast of the Eastern English Channel: short- and long-term post-dredging restoration, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.57, issue.5, pp.1428-1438, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0926

J. A. Dickerson and B. Kosko, Virtual Worlds as Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, vol.3, issue.2, pp.173-189, 1994.
DOI : 10.1162/neco.1989.1.2.253

C. G. Down and J. Stocks, Environmental impact of mining, 1977.

S. Dudka and D. C. Adriano, Environmental Impacts of Metal Ore Mining and Processing: A Review, Journal of Environment Quality, vol.26, issue.3, pp.590-602, 1997.
DOI : 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030003x

C. Eden, Modelling cognition in complex decision problems, Journal of Interdisciplinary Modelling and Simulation, vol.3, issue.2, pp.119-144, 1980.

C. Eden, ON THE NATURE OF COGNITIVE MAPS, Journal of Management Studies, vol.55, issue.3, pp.261-265, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00664.x

C. Eden, Analyzing cognitive maps to help structure issues or problems, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.159, issue.3, pp.673-686, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00431-4

C. Eden and F. Ackermann, Cognitive mapping expert views for policy analysis in the public sector, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.152, issue.3, pp.615-630, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00061-4

C. Eden, F. Ackermann, and S. Cropper, THE ANALYSIS OF CAUSE MAPS, Journal of Management Studies, vol.11, issue.3, pp.308-324, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00667.x

C. Eden, S. Jones, and D. Sims, Thinking in organizations, 1979.

D. V. Ellis, A decade of environmental impact assessment at marine and coastal mines, Marine Mining, vol.6, pp.385-417, 1987.

D. V. Ellis, G. W. Poling, and R. L. Baer, Submarine tailings disposal (STD) for mines: An introduction, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, vol.6, issue.1-2, pp.3-18, 1995.
DOI : 10.1080/10641199509388280

D. V. Ellis and J. D. Robertson, Underwater Placement of Mine Tailings: Case Examples and Principles, In : Azcue, J. M., Environmental impact of ming activites, pp.123-141, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-59891-3_9

G. Esslemont, Heavy Metals in Corals From Heron Island and Darwin Harbour, Australia, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.38, issue.11, pp.1051-1054, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00183-6

S. Ethier, Cours IFT6802 --Commerce électronique: Systèmes et architectures _ Université de, 2004.

M. G. Everett and S. P. Borgatti, The centrality of groups and classes, The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, vol.23, issue.3, pp.181-201, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/2392547

D. P. Faith, P. R. Minchin, and L. Belbin, Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance, Vegetatio, vol.305, pp.57-68, 1987.

N. Falconbridge and . Sas, Politique sur le développement durable, Falconbridge NC SAS, 1999.

N. Falconbridge and . Sas, Koniambo Project _ Marine Biological Baseline. Main report, p.148, 2001.

N. Falconbridge and . Sas, HUM 3 -Aménagement et Utilisation du Territoire, Falconbridge NC SAS, vol.138, 2003.

J. Feber, Les systèmes multi-agents, vers une intelligence collective, InterEditions, vol.522, 1997.

C. M. Fiol and A. S. Huff, MAPS FOR MANAGERS: WHERE ARE WE? WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?, Journal of Management Studies, vol.23, issue.3, pp.267-285, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00665.x

T. M. Florence, J. L. Stauber, and M. Ahsanullah, Toxicity of nickel ores to marine organisms. The Science of The Total Environment, pp.139-155, 1994.

U. Forstner and G. T. Wittmann, Metal pollution in the aquatic environment, 1981.

L. C. Freeman, Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification, Social Networks, vol.1, issue.3, pp.215-239, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7

L. C. Freeman, S. P. Borgatti, and D. R. White, Centrality in valued graphs: A measure of betweenness based on network flow, Social Networks, vol.13, issue.2, pp.141-154, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-8733(91)90017-N

S. Freud, Sur les souvenirs-écrans : Freud, S., Névrose, Psychose et perversion, pp.113-132, 2002.

R. W. Furness and P. S. Rainbow, Heavy metals in the marine environment, 1990.

F. M. Gallo, A. C. Martinez, and I. J. , Use of the diving areas and impacts caused by anchorage of dive boats in San Andres island (Colombia)

C. Garrigue, Une valorisation du milieu récifal : la plongée sous-marine en Nouvelle-Calédonie, 2002.

M. Kulbicki and . Comp, Les récifs coralliens du Pacifique : état et suivi, ressources et gestion, Symposium régional International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). Documents Scientifiques et Techniques II5

E. D. Goldberg, Marine metal pollutants, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.25, issue.1-4, pp.45-47, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(92)90183-7

N. J. Gotelli and R. K. Colwell, Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness, Ecology Letters, vol.590, issue.4, pp.379-391, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00230.x

M. V. Granovetter, Getting a job: A study in contacts and careers, 1974.

R. W. Grigg, Effects of sewage discharge, fishing pressure and habitat complexity on coral ecosystems and reef fishes in Hawaii, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.103, issue.12, pp.25-34, 1994.
DOI : 10.3354/meps103025

R. W. Grigg and S. J. Dollar, Capter 17 : Natural and anthropogenic disturbance on coral reefs, Ecosystems of the World : Coral Reefs, pp.439-452, 1990.

J. Grize, Logique naturelle et représentations sociales Les représentations sociales, pp.152-168, 1989.

T. Gruber, A translation approach to portable ontology specifications, Knowledge Acquisition, vol.5, issue.2, pp.1999-220, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/knac.1993.1008

N. Guarino and P. Giaretta, Ontologies and knowledge-bases. Toward a terminological clarification, Towards very large knowledge bases, pp.25-32, 1995.

M. Guigo, C. Allier, A. Dauphiné, and C. A. , Gestion de l'environnement et des études d'impact, 1991.

N. Guillemot, Analyse des peuplements de poissons récifaux dans la zone de Koné (Nouvelle-Calédonie) et optimisation du plan d'échantillonnage pour le suivi d'un impact anthropique sur les ressources halieutiques, IRD _ Agrocampus Rennes, p.47, 2005.

G. Gusdorf, Mémoire et personne. Tome I : La mémoire concrète. Tome II : Dialectique de la mémoire, 1951.

J. R. Hanley and D. Couriel, Coastal management issues in the Northern Territory: An assessment of current and future problems, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.25, issue.5-8, pp.134-142, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(92)90216-S

R. A. Hanneman and M. Riddle, Introduction to social network methods, 2005.

F. Harary, R. Z. Norman, and D. Cartwright, Structural models: an introduction to the theory of directed graphs, 1965.

M. L. Harmelin-vivien, Impact of human activities on coral reef fish communities in French Polynesia, Cybium, vol.16, issue.4, pp.279-289, 1992.

B. G. Hatcher, Coral reef ecosystems: how much gerater is the whole than the sum of the parts? Coral Reefs, pp.77-91, 1997.

J. P. Hawkins, C. M. Roberts, T. Van-'t-hof, D. Mayer, K. Tratalos et al., Effects of Recreational Scuba Diving on Caribbean Coral and Fish Communities, Conservation Biology, vol.10, issue.4, pp.888-897, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(95)00123-9

J. A. Hertig, J. M. Fallot, P. Depury, B. Lachat, and V. Grangirard, Etudes d'impact sur l'environnement, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, 1999.

B. F. Hobbs, S. A. Ludsin, R. L. Knight, P. A. Ryan, J. Biberhofer et al., FUZZY COGNITIVE MAPPING AS A TOOL TO DEFINE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES FOR COMPLEX ECOSYSTEMS, Ecological Applications, vol.12, issue.5, pp.1548-1565, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X

G. Hodgson, A Global Assessment of Human Effects on Coral Reefs, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.38, issue.5, pp.345-355, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00002-8

G. Hodgson, Reef check: the first step n community-based management, Bulletin of Marine Science, vol.69, issue.2, pp.861-868, 2001.

O. Hollup, Structural and sociocultural constraints for user-group participation in fisheries management in Mauritius, Marine Policy, vol.24, issue.5, pp.407-421, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0308-597X(00)00016-6

L. H. Horowitz, Stranger in One's Own Home. A micropolitical ecological analysis of the engagements of Kanak villagers with a multinational mining project in New Caledonia. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian, p.296, 2003.

M. Houchot, Espace géographique et territoire de pêche Etude appliquée a la tribu mélanésienne de Oundjo, Nouvelle-Calédonie. Mémoire de maîtrise en géographie, p.88, 2003.

P. Hughes and J. H. Connell, Multiple stressors on coral reefs: A long -term perspective, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.44, issue.3part2, pp.962-940, 1999.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0932

T. P. Hughes, Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef, Science, vol.265, issue.5178, pp.1547-1551, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.265.5178.1547

O. Guldberg, J. B. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J. Lough, P. Marshal et al., Climate change, human impacts and the resilience of coral reefs, Science, vol.301, pp.929-933, 2003.

I. Louis and H. , SDAU de Voh, Koné Pouembout. Synthèse de la 1iere phase, p.60, 2002.

I. Louis and H. , SDAU de Voh, Koné Pouembout. Développement des activités économiques, p.11, 2003.

I. Louis and H. , SDAU de Voh, Koné Pouembout, p.34, 2004.

I. Louis and H. , SDAU de Voh, Koné Pouembout, p.17, 2004.

Z. M. Istomina, The Development of Voluntary Memory in Preschool-Age Children, Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, vol.II, issue.1, pp.5-64, 1975.
DOI : 10.2753/RPO1061-040513045

C. J. Jackson, N. Preston, M. Burford, and P. J. Thompson, Managing the development of sustainable shrimp farming in Australia: the role of sedimentation ponds in treatment of farm discharge water, Aquaculture, vol.226, issue.1-4, pp.1-4, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00464-2

S. Jennings and M. J. Kaiser, The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems, Advances in Marine Biology, vol.34, p.201, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60212-6

S. Jennings and J. M. Lock, Population and ecosystem effects of reef fishing, Reef Fisheries, pp.193-218, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-8779-2_8

S. Jennings and N. V. Polunin, Impact of fishing on tropical reef ecosystems, Ambio, vol.25, issue.1, pp.44-49, 1996.

S. Jentoft, The community: a missing link of fisheries management, Marine Policy, vol.24, issue.1, pp.53-60, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0308-597X(99)00009-3

P. Joannot, C. Giraudon, P. Siapo, K. Henriot, R. Farman et al., Rapport de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Kulbicki M., comp. Les récifs coralliens du Pacifique : état et suivi, ressources et gestion. Symposium régional International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). Documents Scientifiques et Techniques II5, 2002.

D. Jodelet, 1. Repr??sentations sociales??: un domaine en expansion, Les représentations sociales, pp.31-61, 1989.
DOI : 10.3917/puf.jodel.2003.01.0045

B. Johannes, A. Green, and A. T. , Les récifs coralliens du Pacifique : ressources et gestion, bilan et surveillance In : Kulbick i.M., comp. Les récifs coralliens du Pacifique : état et suivi, ressources et gestion The case for data-less marine resource management: example from tropical nearshore finfisheries, Symposium régional International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). Documents Scientifiques et Techniques II5 Trends in Ecology and Evolution, pp.243-246, 1998.

R. E. Johannes, M. M. Freeman, and H. R. , Ignore fishers' knowledge and miss the boat, Fish and Fisheries, vol.1, issue.3, pp.257-271, 2001.

P. Johansen and G. Asmund, Capter 15 : Pollution from mining in greenland: monitoring and mitigation of envronmental impact Environmental impacts of mining activities, In : Azcue J, pp.245-262, 1977.

L. J. Johnson and C. L. Frid, The recovery of benthic communities along the County Durham coast after cessation of colliery spoil dumping, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.30, issue.3, pp.215-220, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(94)00145-Y

G. P. Jones and C. Syms, Disturbance, habitat structure and the ecology of fishes on coral reefs, Austral Ecology, vol.28, issue.3, pp.287-297, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(84)90168-0

J. Kang, Y. Song, J. Moon, and M. H. , Water quality impact of mining int he Wolmyoung area of Korea, and its short-term changes, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.129, issue.1/4, pp.349-367, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1010356400307

J. J. Kay, Complex systems theory applied to ecosystem management. Keynote address at Modelling complex systems conference, 2000.

J. J. Kay, Ecosystems as Self-organizing Holarchic Open Systems : Narratives and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Handbook of Ecosystem Theories and Management, pp.135-160, 2000.

J. J. Kay and H. Regier, An Ecosystem Approach to Erie's Ecology The State of Lake Erie (SOLE) -Past, Present and Future. A tribute to Drs, International Symposium, pp.511-533, 1999.

J. J. Kay and H. Regier, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ecological Integrity: Insights from an Ecosystem Approach, Implementing Ecological Integrity: Restoring Regional and Global Environmental and Human Health, Kluwer, NATO Science Series, Environmental Security, pp.121-156, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-5876-3_9

J. J. Kay, H. Regier, M. Boyle, and F. G. , An ecosystem approach for sustainability: addressing the challenge of complexity, Futures, vol.31, issue.7, pp.31-721, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00029-4

J. J. Kay and E. D. Schneider, Embracing Complexity the Challenge of the Ecosystem Approach, Alternatives, vol.20, issue.3, pp.32-38, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-0451-7_4

E. Klien, M. Lutz, W. Kuhn, and I. Press, Ontology-based discovery of geographic information services???An application in disaster management, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol.30, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2005.04.002

J. M. Komocar, Chapitre 7. Cartes causales en milieu de travail, Cartes cognitives et organisations, Les Editions de L'ADREG, pp.227-268, 2003.

H. Korn, R. Schliepm, and J. Stadler, Report of the International Workshop on the " Further Development of the Ecosystem Approach " . International Academy for Nature Conservation. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, 2003.

H. Korn, J. Stadler, E. Maltby, and A. J. Kerr, Report of the scientific workshop on " The ecosystem approach -what does it mean for European ecosystems? " . International Academy for Nature Conservation. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, 1999.

B. Kosko, Fuzy cognitive maps, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, vol.1, pp.65-75, 1986.

M. Kulbicki, Bilan de 10 ans de recherche (1985-1995) par l'ORSTOM sur la diversité, la densité, la biomasse et la structure trophique des communautés des poissons lagonaires et récifaux en Nouvelle- Calédonie, Cybium, vol.21, issue.1, pp.47-79, 1997.

M. Kulbicki, Biodiversité des poissons lagonaires de Nouvelle-Calédonie, connaissances actuelles et usages, Conférence de Koné, p.13, 1998.

M. Kulbicki, P. Chabanet, N. Guillemot, S. Sarramegna, L. Vigliola et al., Les poissons de récifs dans la région de Koné. Premiers résultats comparatifs des évaluations en plongée menées par l'IRD, la CPS et Falconbridge entre, IRD, p.103, 1996.

M. Kulbicki, P. Labrosse, and Y. Letourneur, Etudes des ressources récifales piscicoles par relevés visuels dans le lagon Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Premier résultats, Séminaire FFA/CPS sur la gestion des ressources côtières du Pacifique Sud, p.11, 1995.

M. Kulbicki, P. Labrosse, and Y. Letourneur, Estimation des stocks de poissons des lagons de Nouvelle-Cal??donie??: 2 ??? Stocks des poissons de fond et des poissons associ??s aux r??cifs coralliens., Aquatic Living Resources, vol.13, issue.2, pp.77-90, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0990-7440(00)00144-3

P. Labrosse, J. Ferraris, and Y. Letourneur, The structure of reef and lagoon fish consumption as a mean to assess subsistence fisheries in a tropical island setting: a case study of the Northern Province, 2000.

P. Labrosse, R. Fichez, R. Farman, and A. T. , Seas at The Millennium: An Environmental Evaluation, pp.723-736, 2000.

P. Labrosse and Y. Letourneur, Définition et mise en oeuvre de méthode de suivi des stocks et de la pression de pêche des poissons d'intérêt commercial des lagons de la Province Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Conventions Science de la Mer n°21. ORSTOM (IRD), p.25, 1998.

P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, N. Audran, P. Boblin, and M. Kulbicki, Evaluation des ressources en poissons démersaux commerciaux des lagons de la Province Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Résultat des campagnes d'échantillonnage de la zone Nord, Conventions Science de la Mer n°16. ORSTOM (IRD), p.118, 1996.

P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, N. Audran, P. Boblin, and M. Kulbicki, Evaluation des ressources en poissons démersaux commerciaux des lagons de la Province Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Résultat des campagnes d'échantillonnage de la zone Ouest, Conventions Science de la Mer n°17. ORSTOM (IRD), p.110, 1997.

P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, and M. Kulbicki, Estimation des stocks de poissons des lagons de Nouvelle-Cal??donie??: 3 ??? Pression de p??che, rendements potentiels et impact sur les options d'am??nagement., Aquatic Living Resources, vol.13, issue.2, pp.91-98, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0990-7440(00)00143-1

G. Lagadec, C. Perret, and A. Pitoisset, Nickel et développement en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Perspectives de développement pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie, p.2242, 1992.

K. Langfield-smith, EXPLORING THE NEED FOR A SHARED COGNITIVE MAP, Journal of Management Studies, vol.1, issue.4, pp.349-367, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00669.x

H. D. Lasswell, A pre-view of policy sciences, 1971.

H. D. Lasswell and M. S. Mcdougal, Jurisprudence for a free society: studies in law, science and policy, 1992.

E. Laszlo, R. Artigiani, A. Combs, and C. V. , Changing visions, Human cognitive maps: Past, Present and future, 1996.

M. Laukkanen, Comparative Cause Mapping of Organizational Cognitions, Organization Science, vol.5, issue.3, pp.322-344, 1994.
DOI : 10.1287/orsc.5.3.322

A. M. Law and W. D. Kelton, Chapter 5: Building valid and credible simulation models, Simulation modelling and analysis, pp.299-323, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/wsc.2001.977242

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.103.4495

E. Lazega, Analyse de reseaux et sociologie des organisations, Revue Fran??aise de Sociologie, vol.35, issue.2, pp.239-320, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/3322036

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01009840

L. Robert and P. , Le nouveau petit Robert de la langue française, Le Robert, 2006.

I. Leblic, Pêche, clans-pêcheurs et développement en Nouvelle-Calédonie, La recherche face à la pêche artisanale _ Symposium International ORSTOM_IFREMER. Tome 2, pp.747-756, 1991.

I. Leblic, Les kanaks face au développement -La voie étroite, 1993.

I. Leblic, Pêcheurs kanak et politiques de développement de la pêche en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Les petites activités de pêche dans le Pacifique Sud, IRD Editions, pp.119-141, 1999.

P. Legendre and L. Legendre, Numerical ecology, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00530195

M. Leopold, Evalutation de la production halieutique par la consommation en milieu insulaire : l'exemple d'Ouvéa, dans le Pacifique Sud. Mémoire de fin d'étude d'ingénieur, spécialisation halieutique, IRD _ ENSAR, p.50, 2000.

Y. Letourneur, M. Kulbicki, and P. Labrosse, Spatial structure of commercial reef fish communities along a terrestrial runoff gradient in the northern lagoon of New Caledonia, Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol.51, issue.2, pp.141-159, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007489502060

Y. Letourneur, M. Kulbicki, and P. Labrosse, Estimation des stocks de poisson des lagons de Nouvelle-Cal??donie??: 1 ??? Structure et stocks des communaut??s des poissons de r??cifs., Aquatic Living Resources, vol.13, issue.2, pp.65-76, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0990-7440(00)00145-5

Y. Letourneur, P. Labrosse, N. Audran, P. Boblin, J. Paddon et al., Evaluation des ressources en poissons démersaux commerciaux des lagons de la Province Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Résultat des campagnes d'échantillonnage de la zone Est, Conventions Science de la Mer n°20. ORSTOM (IRD), p.130, 1997.

Y. Letourneur, P. Labrosse, and M. Kulbicki, Distribution spatiale des stocks de poissons r??cifaux d??mersaux d'int??r??t commercial et effort de p??che en Province Nord de Nouvelle-Cal??donie (Pacifique occidental), Oceanologica Acta, vol.23, issue.5, pp.595-606, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-1784(00)01114-2

E. Loftus, La mémoire. Comment nous nous souvenons et pourquoi nous oubllions, Le Jour, vol.205, 1983.

G. Loubens and G. C. Charreire, La pêche dans le lagon neo-calédonien. Rapports Scientifique et Techniques n°1, ORSTOM, vol.52, 1978.

E. Lovell, H. Sykes, M. Deiye, L. Wantiez, C. Garrigue et al., Status of coral reefs in the southwest Pacific, Status of coral reefs in the world, pp.337-363, 2004.

M. Léopold, J. Ferraris, and P. Labrosse, Assessment of the reliability of fish consumption as an indicator of reef fish catches in small Pacific islands: The example of Ouvea Island in New Caledonia, Aquatic Living Resources, vol.17, issue.2, pp.119-127, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/alr:2004020

L. Markoczy and J. Goldberg, A method for eliciting and comparing causal maps, Journal of Management, vol.21, issue.2, pp.305-333, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0149-2063(95)90060-8

L. A. Markoczy, Barriers to shared belief: The role of strategic interest, managerial characteristics and organisational factors. Dissertation submitted to The University of Cambridge in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy, p.345, 1994.

B. J. Mccay and J. M. Acheson, Human ecology of the commons The Question of the commons. The culture and Ecology of Communal resources, pp.1-34, 1987.

T. R. Mcclanahan, J. Maina, and L. Pet-soede, Effects of the 1998 Coral Morality Event on Kenyan Coral Reefs and Fisheries, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, vol.31, issue.7, pp.31-38, 2002.
DOI : 10.1579/0044-7447-31.7.543

G. A. Mendoza and R. Prabhu, Fuzzy methods for assessing criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management, Ecological Indicators, vol.3, issue.4, pp.227-236, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolind.2003.08.001

I. Merlé, Expériences coloniales, 1995.

J. L. Munro, The assessment of exploited stocks of coral reef fishes. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, 2003.

M. France, Atlas climatique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, DIRNC, vol.104, 1995.

S. Nadkarni and P. P. Shenoy, A causal mapping approach to constructing Bayesian networks, Decision Support Systems, vol.38, issue.2, pp.259-281, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-9236(03)00095-2

A. Nascimento, D. H. Smith, S. A. Pereira, M. M. Sampaio-de-araújo, M. A. Silva et al., Integration of varying responses of different organisms to water and sediment quality at sites impacted and not impacted by the petroleum industry, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, vol.3, issue.4, pp.449-458, 2000.

W. L. Neuman, Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches, 2000.

F. N. Noy and C. D. Hafner, The state of the art in ontology design, pp.53-74, 1997.

G. Nozicka, G. M. Bonham, M. J. Shapiro, R. Axelrod, and . Dir, Simulation techniques Structure of decision: the cognitive maps of political elites, pp.349-359, 1976.

M. Nystrom and C. Folke, Spatial Resilience of Coral Reefs, Ecosystems, vol.4, issue.5, pp.406-417, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s10021-001-0019-y

M. Nystrom, C. Folke, and F. Moberg, Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, pp.413-417, 2000.

S. L. Ozesmi and U. Ozesmi, An artificial neural network approach to spatial habitat modelling with interspecific interaction, Ecological Modelling, vol.116, issue.1, pp.15-31, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(98)00149-5

U. Ozesmi, Conservation strategies for sustainable resource use in the Kizilirmak delta in Turkey, p.253, 1999.

U. Ozesmi and S. Ozesmi, Ecological models based on people???s knowledge: a multi-step fuzzy cognitive mapping approach, Ecological Modelling, vol.176, issue.1-2, pp.43-64, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.027

A. Parashar, R. Paliwal, and R. P. , Utility of fuzzy cross-impact simulation in environmental assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol.17, issue.6, pp.427-447, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0195-9255(97)00046-2

J. Paulet, Les représentations mentales en géographie, 2002.

D. Pauly and C. Thia-eng, The overfishing of marine resources: Socioeconomic background in Southeast Asia, Ambio, vol.17, issue.3, pp.200-206, 1988.

W. Pedrycz, Fuzzy modelling: fundamentals, construction and evaluation. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, pp.1-15, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4613-1365-6

S. Pennanguer, Incertitude et concertation dans la gestion de la zone côtière, Thèse de doctorat Halieutique. ENSA-Rennes, 2005.

B. Pham and R. Brown, Visualisation of fuzzy systems: requirements, techniques and framework, Future Generation Computer Systems, vol.21, issue.7, pp.1199-1212, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.future.2004.04.007

T. J. Pitcher, RAPFISH, a rapid appraisal technique for fisheries, and its application to the code of conduct for responsible fisheries. FAO Fisheries Circular n° 947, p.46, 1999.

T. J. Pitcher and D. Pauly, Rebuilding ecosystems, not sustainability, as the proper goal of fishery management, Reinventing Fisheries Management, pp.311-329, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-4433-9_24

F. R. Pitts, The medieval river trade network of Russia revisited, Social Networks, vol.1, issue.3, pp.39-54, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-8733(78)90025-4

D. Poignonec, Proposition d'une démarche pour le développement d'indicateurs de suivi de l'état des ressources récifo-lagonaires et de leurs usages Application aux communautés ichtyologiques de la partie lagonaire de la zone d'impact d'un projet minier en Province Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, p.45, 2002.

G. W. Poling, Mining / milling processes and tailings generation, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, vol.2, issue.1-2, pp.19-31, 1995.
DOI : 10.1080/10641199509388280

N. Polunin and N. Graham, Review of the impact of fishing on coral reef fish populations. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, 2003.

N. V. Polunin and C. M. Roberts, Reef fisheries, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-8779-2

M. Prigent and G. Fontenelle, Perceptions et attentes des pêcheurs professionnels de Manche Est vis-à-vis de l'écosystème qu'ils exploitent, 2005. L'ontologie _ Apport en éducation . Cours DIC9340 Systèmes a base de connaissances, pp.2-3, 2006.

A. Pélouas, L'envolée des cours des métaux met le secteur minier en ébullition, 2006.

C. Quidet, La pêche artisanale en Province Nord _ Etat des lieux _ Début, DDE _ Service de la mer, 2000.

P. J. Radomski and T. J. Goeman, Decisioin making and modeling in freshwater sport-fisheries management. Fisheries, pp.14-21, 1996.

F. Ramade, Dictionnaire encyclopédique de l'écologi et des sciences de l'environnement. 2ième édition. Dunod, 2002.

G. E. Rayment and G. A. Barry, Indicator Tissues for Heavy Metal Monitoring ??? Additional Attributes, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.41, issue.7-12, pp.7-12, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00128-4

B. Richer-de-forges, G. Bargibant, J. Menou, and C. Garrigue, Le lagon sud-ouest de la Nouvelle- Calédonie. Observation préalable à la cartographie bionomique des fonds meubles, ORSTOM, pp.199-221, 1987.

M. Rocard, Accords de Matignon, Les institutions de la Nouvelle- Calédonie. 101 mots pour comprendre, p.240, 2002.

D. Rocklin, La pêche au crabe de palétuvier à Voh (Nouvelle-Calédonie) : typologie de la pêcherie et proposition d'indicateurs, Rapport de stage de Master Sciences Halieutiques et Aquacoles. IRD _ ENSAR, p.49, 2006.

A. B. Rouphael and G. J. Inglis, ???Take only photographs and leave only footprints????: An experimental study of the impacts of underwater photographers on coral reef dive sites, Biological Conservation, vol.100, issue.3, pp.281-287, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00032-5

A. B. Rouphael and G. J. Inglis, INCREASED SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN CORAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY RECREATIONAL SCUBA DIVING, Ecological Applications, vol.12, issue.2, pp.427-440, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/2269355

G. R. Russ and A. C. Alcala, Effects of intense fishing pressure on an assemblage of coral reef fishes, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.56, pp.13-27, 1989.
DOI : 10.3354/meps056013

D. S. Sade, Sociometrics of macaca milatta III: N-path centrality in grooming networks, Social Networks, issue.11, pp.273-292, 1989.

M. Sano, Stability of reef fish assemblages: responses to coral recovery after catastrophic predation by Acanthaster planci, Marine Ecology Progress Series, pp.121-130, 0198.

M. Sano, Short-term responses of fishes to macroalgal overgrowth on coral rubble on a degraded reef at Irimote island, Japan. Bulletin of Marine Science, vol.68, issue.3, pp.543-556, 2001.

A. Schiller, C. T. Hunsaker, M. A. Kane, A. K. Wolfe, V. H. Dale et al., Communicating Ecological Indicators to Decision Makers and the Public, Conservation Ecology, vol.5, issue.1, p.19, 2001.
DOI : 10.5751/ES-00247-050119

-. Smith, E. P. Orvos, D. R. Cairns, and J. J. , Etude socio-économique du groupement des pêcheurs d'Oundjo, commune de Voh, Nouvelle-Calédonie Nouvelle-Calédonie, p. 55. Service territorial de la Marine Marchande et des pêches Maritimes. Etude socio-économique du groupement de pêcheurs d'Oundjo, commune de Voh, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Service territorial de la Marine Marchande et des pêches maritimes Colloque sur les ressources halieutiques côtières du Pacifique, Nouméa, Commission du Pacifique Sud Colloque sur les ressources halieutiques côtières du Pacifique Impact assessment using the Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) model: concerns and comments. Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, pp.627-637, 1988.

R. D. Smith and E. Maltby, Using the Ecosystem Approach to Implement the Convention on Biological Diversity: Key Issues and Case Studies, 2003.
DOI : 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2003.CEM.2.en

R. South and P. Skelton, Status of coral reefs in the southwest Pacific to 2000: Fidji Status of coral reefs in the world, pp.159-180, 2000.

J. H. Steele, REGIME SHIFTS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS, Ecological Applications, vol.121, issue.2, pp.33-36, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.224.4652.985

R. Studer, V. R. Benjamins, and D. Fenzel, Knowledge engineering: Principles and methods, Data & Knowledge Engineering, vol.25, issue.1-2, pp.161-197, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-023X(97)00056-6

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.41.1007

R. Sulu, R. Cumming, L. Wantiez, L. Kumar, A. Mulipola et al., Status of coral reefs in the southwest Pacific Status of coral reefs in the world, AIMS, pp.181-202, 2002.

R. Sun, A neural network model of causality, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.5, issue.4, pp.604-611, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/72.298230

S. Swales, A. W. Storey, I. D. Roderick, B. S. Figa, K. A. Bakowa et al., Biological monitoring of the impacts of the Ok Tedi copper mine on fish populations in the Fly River system, Papua New Guinea. The Science of The Total Environment, pp.1-3, 1998.

W. Swartout, R. Patil, K. Knight, and R. T. , Toward distributed use of large-scale ontologies, Spring Symposium Series on Ontological Engineering, pp.33-40, 1997.

W. R. Taber, Knowledge processing with Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Expert Systems with Applications, vol.2, issue.1, pp.83-87, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0957-4174(91)90136-3

M. Teulières-preston, Le droit de la mer kanak : entre "coutume" et droit français Chroniques kanak : l'ethnologie en marche. Ethnies documents 18-19, Survival International, pp.220-229, 1995.

P. Thollot, Importance des mangroves pour la faune ichtyologique des récifs coralliens de Nouvelle- Calédonie, Cybium, vol.16, issue.4, pp.331-344, 1992.

E. C. Tolman, Cognitive maps in rats and men. The psychological review, pp.189-208, 1948.

J. A. Tratalos and T. J. Austin, Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving on coral communities of the Caribbean island of Grand Cayman, Biological Conservation, vol.102, issue.1, pp.67-75, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00085-4

M. Van-den-belt, L. Deutsh, and J. A. , An integrated ecological economic assessment of the coastal zone of Patagonia : Using modelling as a consensus building, Conference of the European chapter of the international society for ecological economics: Ecology, society, economy, p.21, 1996.

R. Van-woesik, Modelling processes that generate and maintain coral community diversity, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.9, issue.9, pp.1219-1233, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008913219660

J. E. Veron, Corals in space and time. The biogeography and evolution of the scleractinia, 1995.

S. Virly, Analyse de l'enquête sur la pêche vivrière et plaisancière dans les lagons de Nouvelle-Calédonie, 2000.

S. Virly, Perceptions de l'état de la ressource, du milieu et des mesures de gestion par les pecheurs professionnels de Nouvelle-Calédonie: Domaine côtier et lagonaire, ZoNéCo _ IRD, p.60, 2001.

T. Visser, Fisheries statistics: a necessary toll for sustainable fisheries ? Fish for the people, pp.2-14, 2003.

L. Wantiez, Les poissons des fonds meubles du lagon nord et de la baie de St Vincent de Nouvelle-Calédonie _ description des peuplements structures et fonctionnement des communautés. Thèse pour le titre de Docteur de l'Université d'Aix-Marseille II, spécialité Océanographie biologique, p.444, 1993.

P. Watzlawick, J. Helmick-beavin, and J. D. , Une logique de la communication, Editions du Seuil, vol.280, 1979.

J. Weber, Conservation, développement et coordination : peut-on gérer biologiquement le social ?, Colloque Panafricain, Gestion communautaire des ressources naturelles renouvelables et développement durable, p.18, 1996.

J. Weber and E. Lateltin, Sciences sociales et biodiversité In : INSU Colloque de réflexion pour la prospective de la division "Société-Environnement, pp.75-82, 2004.

B. Werber, L'encyclopédie du savoir relatif et absolu, Albin Michel, vol.269, 2003.

D. R. White and S. P. Borgatti, Betweenness centrality measures for directed graphs, Social Networks, vol.16, issue.4, pp.335-346, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-8733(94)90015-9

S. White, What the Heck is an Ontology? Plug In Magazin, pp.24-25, 2004.

A. Williams, A. Padmanabhan, and B. M. , Local Consensus Ontologies for B2B-Oriented Service Discovery, Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi- Agent Systems, pp.647-654, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/860575.860679

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.9890

D. C. Wilson, Fisheries Science Collaboration: The critical role of the community, Conference on Holistic Management an the role of Fisheries and Mariculture in the Coastal Community, 1999.

C. Wéry, A Nouméa, la "guerre du nickel" est relancée, 2005.

D. Zakai and N. E. Chadwick-furman, Impacts of intensive recreational diving on reef corals at Eilat, northern Red Sea, Biological Conservation, vol.105, issue.2, pp.179-187, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00181-1

L. P. Zann, The status of coral reefs in South Western Pacific Islands, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.29, issue.1-3, pp.52-61, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(94)90426-X