• Experiments are presented that test the relative importance, during ontogeny, of stomatal control and leaf area expansion to optimum seasonal water use in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). These parameters play a key role in the compromise between plant growth and water saving under unpredictable conditions of semiarid environments. • The response of growth and water use of crops to successive 15 d drought periods was measured under field conditions in Niger (West Africa). • From emergence to anthesis, biomass partitioning to stems and panicles depended strongly on leaf area development. Water use was linearly related to green leaf area duration in well watered plots, but was reduced proportionally more than green leaf area in drought-affected plots. The relations of crop growth rate and transpiration efficiency to leaf area depended on ontogenetic changes in biomass partitioning. • In P. glaucum , stomata play a dominant role in reducing crop water use under preanthesis drought, although this control becomes negligible after anthesis because of ontogenetic decline in the range of stomatal conductance. The rate of leaf senescence after anthesis is not drought-dependent.